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Carol Rosin and Jon Cypher 4/30/2001 78078
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498 Manzanita Ct. Ventura, CA 93001 April 30, 2001 Hi Dan Jon (Cypher) and I look forward to seeing you on Friday at 3:30pm in your office. Jon, you probably recall, is an actor who starred on "Hillstreet Blues" and "Major Dan," among many other TV shows, Broadway (wish you could hear him sing "The Impossible Dream" which he sang on Broadway in La Mancha), and movies. He's also a scholar (and sings opera in four languages), and speaks eloquently about space. We've been married for fifteen years. Since I closed down the Institute for Security and Cooperation in Outer Space a few years ago, which I founded in '83, we've both been searching for our role in promoting the space program. As you know, I was spokesperson for von Braun during the last years of his life. He had me commit to finding the path to open the doors to space ... with his full and unlimited vision. I think I've found a way to do it. We're bringing you a package that will give you the idea. (Don't worry, it won't cost you or NASA a dime.) And we'll only take as much time as you want ... even just a few short minutes as I know how busy you are. But it's going to be worth this trip to hand this to you in person. Also, we'd love to take you (and yours) to lunch or dinner during the week we'll be in DC. Possible? See you Friday. My best, [HW: Carol] Carol Rosin 805-641-1999 Cell 805-340-5121 [email protected] PS. The photo was taken at the US Space Foundation where we were keynote speakers.
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TUES- DAN- AS PROMISED, HERE IS THE FRENCH COMETA REPORT. YOU WILL NOTE THE PREFACE BY YOUR FORMER COUNTERPART AND A LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ON P5. I MISSPOKE- IT IS A PRIVATE- NOT GOVERNMENT- REPORT BUT THE QUALITY AND SOBER NATURE OF THE PARTICIPANTS STILL, I THINK, RECOMMENDS IT TO YOU. ARTICLES ARE INCLUDED FOR YOUR PERUSAL. ON P.425 OF THE LARGE DOCUMENT WE GAVE YOU IS A SUMMARY OF THE REPORT. I ALLUDED TO JOHN CALLAHAN'S TESTIMONY WITH ITS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION IS ON P62. SENIOR AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER AT MEX CITY INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT- ENRIQUE KOLBECK- IS ON P105- PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE RADAR SECTION FROM P62, HOWEVER. For Reservations
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[STAMP:] I ALWAYS THINK OF HAMLET'S "THESE ARE MORE THINGS TWIXT HEAVEN AND HELL THAN ARE DREAMED OF IN YOUR PHILOSOPHY, HORATIO." THANKS AGAIN FOR SEEING US AND IF THERE ARE QUESTIONS- OF COURSE CALL THE RENAISSANCE AT 999 9TH NW - 202 898-9000. IT WAS GOOD TO SEE YOU [HW: Jon Cepsher] For Reservations Call 1-800-HOTELS 1
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UFOs and Defense: What Should We Prepare For? -An independent report on UFOs written by the French association COMETA. This report details the results of a study by the Institute of Higher Studies for National Defence. This paper originally appeared in a special issue of the magazine VSD published in France in July 1999.
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UFOs and Defense --The COMETA Report--
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"Stripping the UFO phenomenon of its irrational layer" Foreword by Professor André Lebeau, Former chairman of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) [French National Center for Space Studies] It is not looked on highly in certain scientific circles to be preoccupied with phenomena that are deemed to come under the heading of popular mythology or that are, at any rate, outside the realm of science. Such was the case with stones falling from the sky, which was long considered in our country to be the stuff of fable. However, the day that a meteorite shower over the town of Laigle permitted a collective and indisputable observation, it entered into the domain of science. One century later NASA, no doubt hastily, elevated these stones to proof of the existence of primitive life on Mars. Phenomena of this type pose a preliminary problem for the scientific approach: does a scientific fact exist? When the phenomenon is a matter of experimentation, the criterion to be used is simple; the reproducibility of the experiment is the touchstone and furnishes the fact that must then be interpreted. But the situation is more difficult when the phenomenon is not open to experimentation, when repeated observation is the only basis on which one can go, as is the case in astronomy and for most part in geophysics. However, when fact, albeit rare, is collectively and indisputably visible, it is easy to elevate it to status of scientific object. The existence of eclipses comets and novas has been recognized since ancient times even though their interpretation long contained - and sometimes still contains - a religious dimension. Thus collective and simultaneous observation plays same role as reproducibility experiments. This is not true when event not only rare but discrete as well and there very small amount evidence at each occurrence which opens door various suspicions Unidentified flying objects or UFOs fall into this category One runs up against additional difficulties in case UFOs firstly that how many human activities especially since beginning space age have generated atmospheric phenomena origin which not immediately ascertainable by those who observe them In any case UFOs origin cannot be attributed either human source or natural mechanism identified by science are mixed background noise origin which although difficult identify not all mysterious Moreover above all existence unexplained manifestations both atmosphere occasionally surface earth inevitably gives rise fundamental question: are we alone universe? Could some these phenomena work extraterrestrial beings? This question gives UFO issue sociological media related even religious dimension domain that not science scientific methods And very existence this dimension elicits reactions rejection in scientific community However dispassionate examination situation should lead those believe value scientific method consider very existence strong irrational environment another reason apply precepts method issue UFOs COMETA has tried luck report presenting supported namely work performed GEPAN which later became SEPRAT significant place granted sightings testimonies analysis cases explained shows major role played here establishment facts But we also find
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document a reflection on the hypothesis of extraterrestrial intelligence and of the importance that it could have if studies came together to confirm it. This report is useful in that it contributes toward stripping the phenomenon of UFOs of its irrational layer. When all is said and done, the question of determining whether or not those who created this report believe in the existence of extraterrestrial visitors, concealed in a variety of phenomena that are surprising in appearance but commonplace with respect to their cause, is of no real importance. What a scientist believes is important in the conducting of his research because this is what motivates and drives him. But his belief is not important to the results of his research nor does it have any effect on those results if he is rigorous. Table of Contents PREFACE Page 5 FOREWORD Page 6 INTRODUCTION Page 7 PART 1 FACTS AND TESTIMONIES Chapter 1 Testimonies of French Pilots Page 9 Chapter 2 Aeronautical Cases Throughout the World Page 12 Chapter 3 Sightings from the Ground Page 17 Chapter 4 Close Encounters in France Page 20 Chapter 5 Counterexamples of Phenomena That Have Been Explained Page 24 PART 2 THE EXTENT OF OUR KNOWLEDGE Chapter 6 Organization of the Research in France Page 27 Chapter 7 Methods and Results of GEPAN/SEPRA Page 31 Chapter 8 UFOs: Hypotheses, Modeling Attempts Page 35 Chapter 9 Organization of the Research Abroad Page 42 PART3 UFOs AND DEFENSE Chapter10 Strategic Planning Page55 Chapter11 Aeronautical Implications Page59 Chapter12 Scientific and Technical Implications Page62 Chapter13 Political and Religious Implications Page64 Chapter14 Media Implications Page69 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Page71 APPENDICES Appendix1 Radar Detection in France Page74 Appendix2 Astronomers' Sightings Page74 Appendix3 Life in the Universe Page75 Appendix4 Colonizationof Space Page75 Appendix5 The Roswell Affair - Disinformation Page77 Appendix6 The Long Historyofthe UFO Phenomenon - Elementsofa
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Chronology Page 80 Appendix 7 Reflections on Various Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the UFO Phenomenon Page 82 REFERENCES Page 87 GLOSSARY Page 90 The photo section from pages 43 to 50, as well as pages 2 and 91, were not part of the initial report. Publication of: [G.S. Presse Communication logo] 79-83, rue Baudin, 92309 Levallois-Perret Cedex.01 55 21 00 50, fax: 01 55 21 00 55. Société anonyme with FF 250,000 in capital, in business for 99 years. Sole Chief Executive Officer: Daniel Denis. Publication Director: Daniel Denis. Art Director: Richard Yotis. Editorial Assistant: Jacques Péron. Illustrations and Technical Consulting: Bernard Thouanel. Editorial Dept. 01 55 21 00 50. E-mail: [email protected] Public Relations Agent: Image7/Isabelle de Segonzac ONI441593 94 Sales and restocking: MEP, ONI42561226, UFOs AND DEFENSE What should we prepare for? COMETA, an association governed by the Law of July I, I9O1. All reproduction, in whole or in part, translation, and adaptation rights reserved for all countries Copyright I999. terminal ELL Photoengraving Key Graphic Printing Berger Levrault ONI avenue du Roule ONI Neuily-sur-Seine Joint Appeals Board No.: ONI ISSN ONIXX X Copyright deposit July I999. © G.S Presse Communication The editorial department is not responsible for the loss of or damage to texts or photos that are sent to it for consideration Reproduction in whole or in part of any material published in the magazine is prohibited. Cover: Photo taken on September ONI directly over the Tilaran range in Central America by an airplane from the National Geographic Institute of Costa Rica (Bernard Thouanel collection).
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"Concrete problems are raised that call for a response in terms of action" by General Bernard Norlain, Former director of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense [Nationale (IHEDN)] When General Letty visited me in March 1995 at my office at IHEDN to explain to me his project for creating a new committee for study of UFOs, I assured him of my interest and referred him to the management of the IHEDN Auditors Association (AA), which gave him its support. Knowing that some twenty years earlier the AA had produced and published a preliminary report on the subject in its bulletin, it was but time to update it. Denis Letty seemed to me to be the perfect one to spearhead this task; one month earlier, in February, he had organized, within the framework of the Ecole de l'Air [Air Force Academy] Alumni Association, a conference on unidentified aerospace phenomena. Before a large public, some of our comrades, former pilots, spontaneously related their encounters with UFOs. The person in charge of studying these phenomena at the CNES then presented his results, and a well-known astronomer described a scientifically acceptable version of the extraterrestrial hypothesis. The fields of knowledge affected by the UFO phenomenon are very diverse, and General Letty was able to find within the AA, but on the outside as well, numerous experts whose efforts he coordinated. The list of high-level civilian and military degrees of the members of his committee is very impressive: officers, engineers, and specialists in physics, life sciences, and social sciences were able to deal with all aspects of the study. This is not a purely academic study. Concrete problems are raised, and not only for civilian and military pilots that call for a response in terms of action. The makeup of COMETA [Committee for In-Depth Studies], which is the name of the committee took these into account. Almost all its members have or had during their careers important responsibilities in defense industry teaching research or various central administrations. I express the wish that recommendations COMETA which are inspired by good sense will be examined and implemented by authorities our country. The first report AA favored creation within CNES civilian government agency known world dedicated study UFOs May this new report much more in-depth give new impetus national efforts indispensable international cooperation IHEDN will then have well served nation perhaps humanity "Consider all hypotheses"
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by Denis Letty, Air Force General, 2nd Section, AA (35) The accumulation of well-documented sightings made by credible witnesses forces us to consider from now on all of the hypotheses regarding the origin of unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, and the extraterrestrial hypothesis, in particular. UFOs are now a part of our media environment; the films, television broadcasts, books, advertisements, etc., dealing with UFOs amply demonstrate this. Although no characterized threat has been perceived to date in France, it seemed necessary to the former auditors of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale (IHEDN) to take stock of the subject. Along with qualified experts from extremely varied backgrounds, they are grouped together to form a private in-depth fact-finding committee, which was christened COMETA. This committee was transformed into a COMETA association, which I chair. I would like to thank General Bernard Norlain, former director of IHEDN, and Mr. André Lebeau, former chairman of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, without whom COMETA would not have been born. In addition, I wish to acknowledge the various people who agreed to give their testimony or to contribute to this study, and namely: Jean-Jacques Vélasco Head of SEPRA at CNES, François Louange Chief Executive Officer of Fleximage, Jean-Charles Duboc Jean-Pierre Fartek René Giraud civilian and military pilots, Edmond Campagnac former technical director of Air France at Antananarivo, Michel Perrier Squadron Commander Gendarmerie Nationale M. Soun of the Direction Générale de l'Aviation Civile [Civil Aviation Agency] Joseph Domange Air Force General Auditors Association delegate general. I must also thank the commander of the Air Force Air Operations Command Center for its participation during the investigation into flight AF 3532 on January 28 1994. Among the members of COMETA who spared no effort for close to three years it is possible for me to list: Michel Algrin State Doctor of Political Science attorney-at-law AA (35) (1) Pierre Bescond Weapons Engineer General 2nd Section AA (48) Denis Blancher Chief Police Police Nationale Ministry Interior Jean Dunglas Doctor Engineering Ret in Water Foredtry Management AR (48) Bruno Le Moine Air Force General 2nd Section AA (41) Françoise Lépine Fondation pour les Etudes de Défense Foundation for Defense Studies AA (33) Christian Marchal Chief Mining Engineer Research Director ONERA [National Aerospace Study and Research Office] Marc Merlo Admiral 2nd Section AA (35) Alain Orszag Doctor Physical Sciences Weapons Engineer General 2nd Section
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(I): AA or AR xx: auditor of national or regional promotion no. xx. INTRODUCTION In 1976, a committee of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale (IHEDN) chaired by General Blanchard of the Gendarmerie Nationale opened the unidentified flying objects file. The objective: to make proposals for organizing research and the collection of data on these phenomena. The goal was achieved, because the recommendations of this committee were followed by the creation of the Groupe d'Etude des Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non Identifiés (GEPAN) [Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena Study Group], the precursor to the current Service d'Expertise des Phénomènes de Rentrée Atmosphérique (SEPRA) [Atmospheric Reentry Phenomena Consulting Department], a division of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), which is in charge of this file. Twenty years later, it seemed useful to us to take stock once again of the knowledge regarding these sightings, which are becoming of greater and greater interest to a large public that is often convinced of the extraterrestrial origin of UFOs. Just look at the number of films or television broadcasts on this subject. For the sake of convenience with respect to language, we will use the term UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) generally instead of the more scientific term UAP (Unidentified Aerospace Phenomenon). Without a doubt, the phenomenon remains and the number of sightings, which are completely unexplained despite the abundance and quality of data, is growing throughout the world. On the ground, some sightings, like Trans-en-Provence sighting in 1981, have been subject of in-depth studies proving that something did in fact land on ground and parked there. Civilian and military pilots have provided gripping visual testimonies, often corroborated by radar recordings, as was case recently in France. In view lack irrefutable proof regarding origin these phenomena need for understanding persists. We will devote first part this report several particularly remarkable French foreign cases. In second part after having recalled current organization research on these phenomena France abroad we will evaluate work being done scientists worldwide interested UFOs proposing as we will see partial explanations that are based known laws physics. Some propulsion systems non lethal weapons etc could become realities short medium long term. We will review principal global explanations proposed focusing those that are keeping current scientific data range from secret weapons extraterrestrial manifestations. The UFO phenomenon involves defense broad sense calls certain measures which we will examine last part: - providing civilian military pilots sufficient information teach them adapted conduct when faced with these phenomena and more generally providing public decision-makers with information, - developing actions SEPRA promoting supplemental scientific monitoring or even research actions, - considering strategic political religious consequences possible confirmation extraterrestrial hypothesis bizarre connotation which it is
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advisable to eliminate here and now. PART 1 Facts and Testimonies Before going further, it seems worthwhile to us to present several facts and testimonies that in themselves justify the interest of the in-depth study that we are going to develop below: - three testimonies of French civilian and military pilots who encountered UFOs in flight, - five major aeronautical cases in the world, - three sightings from the ground, - four cases of close encounters in France. These few examples are among the hundreds of remarkable, that is to say credible and well-documented, cases observed around the world in recent decades. None of these cases has been explained, whereas the majority of times the investigations enable the origin of the phenomena observed by the witnesses to be determined; we will give two significant examples of this. Chapter 1 - Testimonies of French Pilots Three French pilots who encountered UFOs in flight came to testify before the committee. Their testimonies are all the more interesting because they can be evaluated better than other aerial phenomena since they pertain to the aeronautic world. 1.1 M. Giraud, Mirage IV pilot (March 7, 1977). The sequence of events of this incident was reconstructed from radio exchanges between the pilot and the controller, which are routinely recorded and kept for a specific period of time in accordance with the procedure in force at all control centers. The incident occurred on March 7, 1977, at around 2100 hours local time during the Dijon flyover when the Mirage IV was returning, the automatic pilot engaged, to Luxeuil after a night mission. [The aircraft was] at an altitude of 9600 m and flying at a speed of "Mach 0.9." The flight conditions were very good. The pilot (P), Hervé Giraud, and his navigator (N) observed a very bright glow at "3 o'clock" (time code) from their aircraft, at the same altitude, coming on a collision course and approaching very rapidly. We will designate it "assailant" (A1) in the rest of the account. P queried the Contrexéville military radar station that controlled them to ask whether they had a radar contact on the aircraft coming towards them. In fact, P and N thought that it was an air defense interceptor, as is currently being used, that was seeking to intercept their aircraft to then identify it with its identification beacon. The radar controller (C), who did not have a corresponding radar contact on his scope, gave a negative response and asked the pilots to check their oxygen. This request on part of controller is standard emergency procedure; it shows that controller is so
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surprised by the crew's question that he suspects an oxygen problem capable of causing a "hallucination." "Assailant A1" maintained its course towards the Mirage IV. P initiated a bank to the right toward A1, a bank which he was forced to keep tightening (3 to 4 g) in order to try to maintain visual contact on A1 and to keep it from positioning itself to the rear. Despite this maneuver, A1 moved behind the Mirage IV at an estimated distance of 1500 m. At this point P reversed his bank to regain visual contact on A1. He saw the glow move away to "11 o'clock." He resumed course to Luxeuil. But 45 seconds after he resumed course to Luxeuil, feeling like he was being "watched" according to his own words, P told N, "you wait and see, it's going to come back." And in fact, an identical glow, which we will call A2, appeared at "3 o'clock." P then initiated a very tight bank (6.5 g) to disengage his aircraft from what he now considered to be a real threat. The glow followed the Mirage IV's maneuver in order to position itself to the rear at an estimated distance of 2000 m. P reversed, as before, and once again saw the glow disappear under the same conditions. C still did not have a radar contact on "assailant A2." P and N continued their flight and returned normally to the Luxeuil base. Those are the facts. Two points should be emphasized: - only a combat aircraft could have had performance comparable to that of A1 and A2 (speed, maneuverability). In this case, C would have had a radar contact on this aircraft, especially at that altitude, a contact that he would have seen all the better since there was no other traffic in the vicinity of the Mirage IV. - given the apparent maneuvers of A1 and A2, regardless of whether or not they were the same craft, their speed could only be supersonic, which in the case of combat aircraft would be manifested on the ground by a very loud sonic boom due to phenomenon focusing shock wave generated by bank This would have been noticed in surrounding area especially since it was nighttime But no sound was heard in region. **Testimony of a Fighter Pilot (March 3 1976)** Since this pilot (P) wanted preserve anonymity following lines extracted from written deposition that wished send us (he revealed name subsequently; he is Colonel Claude Bosc). On March 3 1976 P then student pilot Combat Flight School Tours making solo night flight T-33 training aircraft mission consisted navigating altitude RennesNantesPoitiers itinerary then landing Tours Several aircraft were following same itinerary at minute intervals Night dark but cloudless towns could detected very clearly at flight altitude question Visibility greater than km While flying stabilized altitude km speed first saw straight ahead very far off distance detection limit lights ground what thought launching green signaling flare In 1 seconds flare exceeded altitude aircraft by m seemed level off space before descending direction It approached dizzying speed collision course with aircraft filled entire front windshield cockpit Thinking impact inevitable let go joystick crossed arms front face reflex protection gesture Aircraft completely enveloped bright phosphorescent green light P saw sphere S avoided his aircraft
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very last moment and passed over his right wing grazing it, all within a fraction of a second. P retained the following memory of this incident: - S was not very large (1 to 2 m in diameter), - S was extended by a tail, which was comparable to that on a comet, that was also a fluorescent green color, - the center of S consisted of a very bright white light (magnesium-fire type), - the sighting lasted a total of less than 5 seconds. P, who was very shocked by this phenomenon, informed the radar controller (-) ensuring the control of the mission on the ground; the controller had not detected anything on his radar scope. Upon return, two other pilots who had followed the same itinerary as P stated that they had seen the phenomenon, but from a distance. 1.3 Air France Flight AF 3532 (January 28, 1994) Jean-Charles Duboc (P), captain of Air France flight AF 3532, was assisted by Copilot Valérie Chauffour (CP) in making the Nice-London connection on January 28, 1994. At 1314 hours, while they were cruising at an altitude of 11,900 m in the vicinity of Coulommiers in Seine-et-Marne [Department] under excellent meteorological conditions, the chief steward, who was present in the cockpit at the time, pointed out a phenomenon that appeared to him to be a weather balloon. His sighting was immediately confirmed by the copilot. P, who in turn saw it, first thought that it was an aircraft banking at a 45° angle. Very quickly, however, all three agreed that what they were seeing did not resemble anything that they knew of. The excellent visibility and the presence of altocumulus clouds permitted P to estimate that the phenomenon was at an altitude of 10,500 m and at a distance of approximately 50 km. Taking into account its apparent diameter, they deduced that the craft was large. They were struck by the changes in the shape of the craft, which first appeared in the form of a brown bell before transforming into a chestnut brown lens shape; then disappearing almost instantaneously on the left side of the aircraft as if it had suddenly become invisible. P reported to Reims Air Navigation Control Center, which had no information on any mobile air presence in vicinity. However following existing procedure Reims informed Taverny Air Defense Operations Center CODA sighting made crew asked P follow Airmiss procedure upon landing. CODA did fact record radar track initiated Cinq-Mars-la-Pile control center at same time corresponded location time phenomenon observed This radar track recorded for seconds did cross trajectory flight AF 3532 and did not correspond any flight plan filed It should be noted phenomenon disappeared from view crew and radar scopes same instant investigations conducted CODA enabled both hypothesis weather balloon ruled out precise crossing distance two trajectories determined consequently bringing approximate length craft to m length It should be noted Northern Regional Air Navigation Center CRNA handles movements per day investigated only three cases last seven years one which flight AF Chapter 2 - Aeronautic Cases Throughout World
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It is appropriate to specify that those cases that have been sighted from aircraft are considered to be aeronautic cases. This chapter describes five significant cases that occurred in different parts of the world and which were the subject of an investigation by the authorities of the countries in question. In four cases, the objects were detected both visually and by radar. In the fifth case, they were observed by a number of independent witnesses. 2.1 Lakenheath (United Kingdom) (August 13-14, 1956) The joint USAF - U.S. Air Force - and RAF [Royal Air Force] military bases of Lakenheath and Bentwaters are located 30 km northeast of Cambridge with respect to the first and near the coast to the east of this city with respect to the second. Unknown aerial objects followed by their radars during the night of August 13 to 14, 1956, were judged "unidentified" by the report published in 1969 by the Condon Commission tasked with evaluating the research of the U.S. Air Force on UFOs (cf. Chapter 9). In September 1971, the magazine Astronautics and Aeronautics published a study of the case by Thayer, the radar expert on the Condon Commission, which was based in part on a study presented in 1969 by Professor MacDonald, an atmospheric physicist. For the record, we point out that on several occasions, and namely in 1976, Philippe Klass, editor of the journal Aviation Week and Space Technology, attempted to criticize this work and to reduce this case to a series of ordinary events (meteorites, radar propagation anomalies etc.). The incidents began at Bentwaters base between 2100 and 2200 hours by unusual sightings of approach control radar [center], which we will not go into further detail. They took place as follows: - At 2255 hours, radar detected an unidentified object moving east to west passing over base always almost into wind at an apparent speed of 2000 to 4000 miles per hour or 3200 to 6400 km/h No sonic boom was mentioned The personnel Bentwaters control tower said they saw bright light flying over ground from east west at incredible speed at altitude approximately m At same time pilot military transport plane flying over Bentwaters at altitude stated bright light passed under plane tearing east west at incredible speed Two visual sightings confirmed radar detection - The Bentwaters radar operator reported these concurring radar visual sightings shift supervisor Lakenheath [air] traffic radar control center American noncommissioned officer whom we are indebted for quite detailed report these sightings those follow Report sent Condon Commission then retired NCO is coherent does not contradict documents Project Blue Book file except minor points among these documents regulation telex sent Lakenheath Blue Book team day incident report forwarded two weeks later same team American Captain Holt intelligence officer Bentwaters - The shift supervisor Lakenheath base alerted his radar operators One them detected stationary object approximately km southwest base almost axis trajectory supersonic object seen at hours Shift supervisor called Lakenheath approach radar [center] confirmed sighting Radar technicians air traffic control center suddenly saw object immediately go immobility speed km/h Shift supervisor notified base commander
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The object changed direction several times, describing line segments ranging from 13 to 30 km, separated by abrupt stops for 3 to 6 minutes; the speed always went from a value of zero to a value of some 950 km/h without any transition. Visual sightings were made from the ground and confirmed the high speed and astounding accelerations. The regulation telex sent by Lakenheath concluded: "The fact that radar and ground visual observations were made on its rapid acceleration and abrupt stop certainly lend credence to the report." - After 30 to 45 minutes, the RAF sent a night fighter, a Venom two-seater, in pursuit of the object. The Lakenheath air traffic radar control center guided it in the direction of the object 10 km east of the center. The pilot acquired the target visually and on radar, then lost it. The center then directed the plane 16 km to the east of Lakenheath; the pilot again acquired the target and said, "my machine guns are locked onto him." A short time afterward, he once again lost his target, but the target was followed by the radar operators at the center. They informed the pilot that the object had made a rapid movement to position itself behind him and was following him at a short distance. The pilot confirmed [this]. Watched by the radar technicians, the pilot tried every maneuver for about 10 minutes in order to move back behind the object (steep climbs, dives, sustained turns), but he didn't succeed: [REDACTED] followed him at a constant distance according to [REDACTED] stations. Finally, low on fuel, he returned to base asking that someone tell him whether [REDACTED] continued to follow him. The UFO did, in fact follow him for a short distance then came to a standstill. The radar technicians then saw [REDACTED] make several short moves then leave in a northerly direction at about 950 km/h and disappear from radar range at 0330 hours. - A Venom sent to replace first had to quickly return base due mechanical problems before having been able establish contact with object. Thayer concluded his article in journal Astronautics and Aeronautics in this manner: "taking into consideration high credibility information cohesiveness continuity account combined with high degree 'strangeness' it is also certainly one most disturbing UFO incidents known today." 2.2 The RB-47 Aircraft in United States (July 17, 1957) This case which appears as "unidentified" Condon report has been cited studied extensively for years Physicist James MacDonald published results investigation journal Astronautics Aeronautics Phillip Klass aforementioned journalist endeavored trivialize facts highly contestable outset bulk interpretation refuted end memorandum aerospace technology researcher Brad Sparks We will summarize here important sequences events case show luminous unidentified flying object detected night not only sight on radar also pulsed microwave emissions coming from its direction: The RB-47 bomber bomb bays which had been converted hold three officers each equipped means enabling emissions ground radars be detected their azimuth direction but not their distance or nature signals specified In south central region United States where aircraft was making training flight that day numerous radar stations emitting signals frequencies which were close MHz pulses lasted microsecond
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occurred every 600 microseconds. The radars scanned the horizon four times per minute. Three other officers (pilot, copilot, navigator) were in the cockpit and, as a result, could themselves see out of the aircraft. The six officers were questioned by MacDonald in 1969. They related that: - The first incident took place above Mississippi, probably at around 0930Z (0330 local time), when the aircraft, going back to the north from the Gulf of Mexico, was approaching the coast a little to the east of the Mississippi delta, flying at Mach 0.75. Captain MacClure detected on his screen a blip corresponding to a pulsed microwave source located behind and to the right of the RB-47 (at "5 o'clock") that rapidly passed the aircraft and turned around it, departing again on its left in the other direction (between "6 o'clock and 9 o'clock"). The source was therefore airborne and supersonic. MacClure noted the characteristics of the signal: they were those of the aforementioned ground radar stations, with the exception of the length of the pulses, which were 2 microseconds. He did not report this incident immediately, thinking that it was perhaps a malfunction of the electronics. As Klass writes, at the time there were no supersonic aircraft either in the United States or in the USSR large enough to transport a radar, the signal from which possessed the characteristics that were observed. - The following incident occurred at 1010Z in Louisiana, when Commander Chase, pilot, and Captain MacCoyd, copilot, saw an intense bluish-white light aim at the aircraft from "11 o'clock," then jump from their left to their right and disappear while it was at "2 o'clock." Klass showed that this object was perhaps a meteorite trajectory of which caused an optical illusion but at time Chase and MacCoyd wondered whether it wasn't a UFO Hearing them MacClure remembered his prior detection and looked for a signal of same type. - He found this signal at 1030Z which was identical to previous one and perhaps by coincidence came from "2 o'clock." This signal was confirmed by Captain Provenzano whose detector itself also able operate around 3000 MHz It could not have been signal from fixed radar because its "2 o'clock" direction remained unchanged when aircraft followed its route west for several minutes The aircraft entered Texas then came within range Utah radar [center] located near Dallas Crew reported Utah which detected both aircraft object maintaining constant distance km from it. - At 1039Z still Texas Commander Chase perceived large red light which he estimated moving below aircraft approximately "2 o'clock." The altitude weather perfectly clear Although commander unable determine either shape or size object distinct impression light emanating top object. At 1040Z he received authorization pursue this object notified Utah slowed down then accelerated Utah informed him that object mirroring his movements all while maintaining constant distance km. At 1042Z Chase accelerated saw red object turn right direction Dallas confirmed by MacClure. At around 1050Z little west Dallas object stopped simultaneously disappeared view radars Utah onboard radar had just detected object when RB-47 approached it) from MacClure's screen disappearance object radar screen is less surprising nowadays; calls mind active stealth technologies currently development if not operation). Aircraft then banked left MacClure picked up signal perhaps one Utah
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Visual and radar contact were regained. - At 1052Z, Chase saw the object drop to around 4500 m. He had the RB-47 make a dive from 10,500 to 6000 m. The object then disappeared from his view, from the Utah radar, and from MacClure’s screen simultaneously. - - At 1057Z, still near Dallas, the object reappeared on MacClure’s screen, and Utah indicated that it had prepared a “CIRVIS” (Communications Instructions for Reporting Vital Intelligence Sightings) report, a secret urgent radio report sent to the Air Defense Command, which is mandatory in the event of a sighting by the Air Force of an unidentified aerial object. At 1058Z, the pilot regained visual contact at “2 o’clock.” A few minutes later, seeing his fuel reserves drop, he decided to return and headed roughly north toward Oklahoma City. The object then positioned itself behind the aircraft at a distance of 18 km, as reported by Utah, which tried to send fighter jets in pursuit of the unknown [object]. The object, flowing lower than the RB-47 and behind it, could not be seen from the cockpit but it was detected on MacClure’s screen until Oklahoma City well outside the range of the Utah radar. Then it suddenly disappeared from the screen at 1140Z. 2.3 Tehran (September 18 to 19, 1976) This incident took place during the night of September 18 to 19, 1976. Different newspapers worldwide reported it more or less accurately: for example France-Soir in the September 21st issue. An American citizen took laborious steps with U.S authorities to obtain a report invoking freedom of information act. He finally obtained it from Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). Other U.S documents have been obtained since then. Interviews with generals and Iranian air [traffic] controller involved in this affair enabled DIA report to be confirmed and supplemented a bit namely with mention of proper names. The following summary resulted from reading all information: - At around 11:00 p.m on September 18 Tehran airport control tower received several calls reporting strange immobile luminous object in sky above Shemiran residential district northern part capital person charge night shift Hossain Perouzi went out look at object binoculars testified saw rectangle probably corresponding cylindrical object ends which pulsed bluish-white lights middle object small red light described circle Perouzi reported this strange sighting Imperial Air Force Command alerted General Youssefi third command this air force went out balcony saw an object similar star but much bigger brighter ordered Phantom F-4 reaction aircraft mission directed through Perouzi as intermediary. When F-4 came to km from object its flight instruments all means communication (radio intercom) suddenly stopped working pilot aborted interception headed for base crew then regained use their instruments means communication. A second F-4 was sent by General Youssefi UFO’s echo on its screen was similar Boeing . The F-4 approached UFO relative speed km/h When came km from UFO accelerated maintained constant distance km F-4 crew unable determine size of object
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because it shone so intensely. Its brightness came from lights arranged in a rectangle, changing rapidly from glue to green, to red, and to orange. - Suddenly a bright object with an apparent diameter one half or one third of that of the moon exited the UFO and headed rapidly for the F-4. The pilot tried to shoot a Sidewinder missile at the object, but at the same instant his fire control console and his means of communication (radio and intercom) became inoperable. He promptly initiated a bank and a dive, but the object changed direction and pursued the aircraft at a distance of approximately 6 km. Finally, the object moved inside the F-4’s bank and departed in order to reenter the UFO from which it had exited. - A short time afterwards, an object again exited the UFO and rapidly headed straight down to the ground. The F-4 crew waited to see it explode, but the object seemed to touch down gently and shine a very bright light over an area 2 to 3 km in diameter. The crew, momentarily blinded, orbited long enough to recover their night vision before landing at the Tehran airfield. It noted that it lost communications (radio and intercom) whenever their aircraft crossed a certain zone. It should be pointed out that a civilian aircraft also lost communications when it crossed that zone. The next day, the crew was taken by helicopter to the place where the object had apparently landed, a dried up lake, but it didn’t find any trace [of the object]. An attached note from DIA was just as astonishing as the report itself; it indicated that information had been confirmed by other sources and ended with this assessment: "An outstanding report. This case is a classic which meets all criteria necessary for valid study of UFO phenomenon." a. The object was seen by multiple witnesses from different locations... b. The credibility of many witnesses was high (an Air Force General, qualified aircrews, experienced radar operators). c. Visual sightings were confirmed by radar. d. Similar electromagnetic effects (EME) were reported by three separate aircraft. e. There were physiological effects on some crew members (i.e., loss of night vision due brightness of object). f An inordinate amount of maneuverability was displayed by UFOs." The attempt by Klass to trivialize this case shows how solid it is. 2.4 Russia (March 21, 1990) This case took place at night in Pereslavl-Zalesski region east Moscow It was reported in article by Aviation General Igor Maltsev Air Defense Forces commander which appeared newspaper Rabochaya Tribuna ("Workers' Tribune") on April 1990 entitled "UFOs on Air Defense Radars" (cf book Marie Galbraith referenced Chapter 91). The article mentions dispatch combat aircraft mission intercept UFOs detected General Maltsev who summarized over hundred visual sightings collected unit commanders stated: "I am not specialist in UFOs therefore can only correlate data express own supposition According evidence these eyewitnesses UFO is disk diameter from 100 to 200 meters [320 feet] Two pulsating lights were positioned sides Moreover object rotated around its axis performed S-turn flight both vertical horizontal planes Next UFO hovered above ground then flew speed exceeding modern jet fighter two or three times Objects flew altitudes ranging from 100 m [300 feet] Movement objects not accompanied sound any kind distinguished startling maneuverability It seemed UFOs completely devoid inertia In other words they somehow 'come terms' with gravity At present time terrestrial
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machines could hardly have such capabilities." 2.5 San Carlos de Bariloche (July 31, 1995) Source SEPR Aerolineas Argentinas flight AR 674, a Boeing 727 en route from Buenos Aires, was 140 km from San Carlos de Bariloche, a tourist resort in the central Andes where it was preparing to land. At that precise instant, a power outage plunged the town into darkness, and the pilot received the order to stay on standby for a few minutes before making his final approach. When he began his approach, the pilot noticed a strange star. At the same time, the control center put a second airplane that had arrived in the sector on standby. Flight AR 674 continued its approach, but when it had completed its turn and was in the axis of the runway, an object resembling a large aircraft appeared on its right side and flew parallel to it! This object had three lights, one of which was red, in the middle of it. The airport lights failed again, and the runway and approach ramp lights also went out. The airplane on standby observed the same phenomenon from its position. Since the pilot could not land, he pulled up and turned again in order to reposition himself in the axis of the runway. At that moment, the object, which had become luminous, moved behind the airplane, stopped, ascended vertically, and once again stopped. It moved back in front of the airplane before finally disappearing in the direction of the Andes Cordillera. The crew and passengers of flight AR 674 those on other airplane; airport controllers; some inhabitants of San Carlos watched this unusual aerial ballet dumbounded. This case is interesting in more than one respect: - The sighting was corroborated by multiple independent observers both in flight and on ground, - The phenomenon lasted several minutes, - There were different trajectories some closely followed those of air plane, - There was an observation electromagnetic phenomenon (the lights town went out) directly related presence object. Chapter 3 - Sightings from Ground This chapter deals with sightings from ground two which were reported committee by direct witnesses phenomena observed Here again their testimonies are all more interesting since they pertain to aeronic world phenomena were observed during day. 3.1 Phenomenon Observed by Numerous Witnesses at Antananarivo (August 16, 1954) Testimony before committee Edmond Campagnac (C), former artillery officer former chief technical services for Air France Madagascar who is now retired came to testify before committee The phenomenon described below occurred August 16 1954
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Antananarivo. It was seen by several hundred witnesses. At 1700 hours, when the personnel of the Air France office were waiting for the mail to arrive, someone spotted a "large" green "ball" in the sky moving at high speed. The first thought of the witnesses was that it was a meteorite. The phenomenon disappeared behind a hill, and they thought that the green ball was going to crash into the ground and that they were going to feel the impact. However, it reappeared after a minute. In passing directly over the observers, it revealed itself to be "a sort of metal rugby ball preceded by a clearly detached green lens[-shaped portion] with sparks issuing from the rear." In the estimation of the witnesses, the "ball" was the length of a DC4 airplane, or some forty meters long. The green lens[-shaped portion] separated itself [and remained] a little less than 40 m out in front, with fairly long sparks [coming out] in the rear. The craft flew over Antananarivo at an estimated height of 50 to 100 meters, an estimation that was made possible by comparison with the height of a nearby hill. When the craft was moving, shop lights went out, and animals exhibited a real anxiety. After having flown over Antananarivo, the craft departed in a westerly direction. When it flew over the zebu park in the town, the craft caused a violent fright reaction among them. This is a surprising detail, since normally these animals do not show any agitation when Air France planes pass by. Two or three minutes later, an identical craft was observed 150 km from there above a farm school. There too, the herds were overcome with panic. If the craft sighted was as same one as one in Antananarivo its speed would have had to be on order of 3000 km/h According C's account General Fleurquin Commander-in-Chief Madagascar assembled scientific commission conduct investigation into these phenomena No trace this investigation could be found Air Force archives however GEPA (Groupe d'Etudes des Phenomenes Aérospatiaux [Aerospace Phenomena Study Group]) bulletin no 6 of 2nd half 1964 described this sighting. 3.2 Sighting by Pilot Saucer Close Ground (December 9 1979) GEPAN/SEPRA investigation and testimony before committee At time incident former Air Force Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-Pierre Fartek (F) was Mirage III pilot in 2nd fighter squadron Dijon F is currently pilot for private company F living still lives same village near Dijon His house located end housing development looking onto fields Approximately 250 m away grove trees average height maximum On December 9 1979 around 9:15 am F his wife saw unusual object hereinafter called M field near their house Weather visibility excellent M dimensions which they estimated to be diameter thick hovering approximately above ground front grove trees which partially concealed it In complete agreement with his wife witness F described it as: - having shape two superposed saucers with very distinct contours inverted one on top other not exhibiting any portholes or lights, - being metallic gray upper portion darker bluish lower portion perfectly delimited separation between upper side underside craft This color difference could not be due difference lighting given position sun, - constant motion result very slight oscillations frequency which not very rapid like something trying balance,
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- not making any noise, - not causing any turbulence on the ground either when it hovered or when it departed, - not having left any trace on the ground. After observing it for a period of time which was hard for him to determine, F saw M oscillate faster; he had the impression that M tilted slightly forward (as a helicopter does after lift-off when it begins level flight). F saw M leave in a horizontal direction at a very low altitude without making any noise, without leaving any trail, and at a very high speed and disappear on the horizon in a few seconds. F reported [the incident] to the Gendarmerie de l'Air at the Dijon air base. He thought that other people had seen the phenomenon but had not dared to go report it, namely, his neighbors and their children, who reportedly made the same sighting. This sighting by a pilot professionally well informed of aeronautical phenomena was never explained. 3.3 A Case of Multiple Witnesses at a Russian Missile Base (July 28-29, 1989) Heading the UFO reports declassified by the KGB in 1991 is a file relating to an army missile base near Kapustin Yar in the region of Astrakhan, which was related in Marie Galbraith's book (cf. Chapter 9.1). The English-speaking public learned of it through the Muscovite journal AURA-Z of March 1993. Military personnel from two centers on the base prepared written depositions of their visual sightings, which were made under good visibility conditions. The file, which is incomplete, does not mention any possible radar detections. It begins with a brief summary of the case, the author of which was an anonymous KGB officer, followed by an account of seven written testimonies: - Five testimonies from the first center were provided by Lieutenant Klimenko, two corporals, and two soldiers. On the night of July 28 to 29, these military personnel sighted UFOs between 2215 and 2355 hours at a distance of 3 to 5 km. Up to three objects were seen simultaneously. One object silently made jerky movements, with very abrupt starts and stops, and periods of immobility. All of the witnesses saw a fighter jet attempt to approach one UFO, which escaped at lightning speed "giving the impression that aircraft was hovering." Only noise from aircraft was heard whereas UFO must have reached supersonic speed. - Two other testimonies from center near first one concern sighting UFO from 2330 to 0130 hours at distance ranging from few kilometers to 300 m This UFO was described by Second Lieutenant Volochine as disk diameter surmounted by brightly lit hemispherical dome The second lieutenant attached sketch saucer deposition Saucer sometimes moved abruptly soundlessly sometimes remained immobile above ground In company soldier Tichaev Volochine saw emitting phosphorescent green light hovering m depot illuminated this depot several seconds with moving beam light In report consistent superior soldier Tichaev stressed lack noise made object even short distance away prevented him confusing helicopter The two witnesses joined after some time guard team watched maneuvers object above center surrounding area for two hours. Chapter 4 - Close Encounters in France
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4.1 Valensole, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence [Department] (July 1, 1965) In-depth investigation by the Gendarmerie Nationale At Valensole on July 1, 1965, Maurice Masse, who left his home at 5:00 a.m., headed for his lavender fields located on the plateau near the village. Before starting his tractor at around 6:00 a.m., he lit a cigarette and at that moment heard a hissing sound that attracted his attention. Emerging from behind a pile of stones, he saw an object resting in his field approximately 90 m from him. Its shape was reminiscent of that of a "Dauphine" automobile standing on six legs with a central pivot. He approached it with caution, at a distance of ten meters or so, thinking he might surprise people about to steal his lavender from him. He then saw two small beings, one of whom, who was turned in his direction, reportedly pointed a tube at him that he took from a sort of bag hanging on his left side. Maurice Masse indicated that he was totally immobilized in place, numb and paralyzed, but completely aware of the events that were unfolding before his eyes. The two beings then got back in their craft. He watched them while they were behind a sort of dome, and he heard a heavy noise when the object lifted up off the ground. He also remarked that the tube that was under the object touching the ground began to turn as well as the six legs which retracted under the machine. The object then ascended in a vertical direction before tilting diagonally and disappearing more rapidly than a jet. Maurice Masse remained immobilized in this manner for about 15 minutes before coming to then resuming his work and going to tell his story in the village where the gendarmes having learned of the incident questioned him during the day. The Valensole gendarmerie force then Digne investigations squad investigated this case for several days. The investigations of gendarmerie established existence at spot indicated by Maurice Masse of depression impressed into ground which had been soaked in that place In center hole cm diameter deep smooth walls At bottom three other bent holes cm diameter Along axis flight over hundred meters lavender beds dried up This phenomenon lasted several years during which time witness tried vain replant plants within radius several meters around tracks. Despite few contradictory elements in Maurice Masse's account data collected by two gendarme brigades confirmed plausibility facts particularly effect environment and witness himself who slept twelve fifteen hours night followed paralysis victim months investigation witness character did not turn specific information permit suspect mythomaniac behavior staging hoax. 4.2 Cussac Cantal [Department] (August 29, 1967) GEPAN/SEPRA investigation The Cussac incident has occupied special place among UFO cases since second inquiry conducted 1978 example request GEPAN scientific council On August 29, 1967 around 10:30 am during beautiful sunny morning high plateaus center France two young children were watching family herd Dog accompanied them alerted them cow getting ready jump
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over the low wall of the enclosure. The boy, who was 13 years old at the time, got up to make the cow come back, when he spotted four children whom he did not recognize on the other side of the road. Surprised by what he saw, he called his sister, when he noticed an extremely bright sphere back behind the unknown children. They then realized that these were not children but small black beings whose height did not exceed 1.20 m. Two of them were standing next to the sphere, another was kneeling before it, and the fourth, who was standing, held in its hand a sort of mirror that blinded the children. The boy tried to call out to them, but the small beings then hurriedly returned to the sphere. The children saw them rise from the ground and penetrate the ball from the top, diving in head first. The sphere took off with a hissing sound, then rose into the sky describing a continuous spiral movement at high speed. The dog barked, the cows started to moo, and a very strong odor of sulfur filled the air. The second inquiry began in 1978 with a team of investigators from GEPAN and qualified outside advisors, one of whom was a former examining magistrate. The highlights of this second inquiry did not have to do with facts or account but with new elements such as secondary witnesses found at site who provided supplemental information and strengthened credibility of case. In particular gendarme who arrived on scene immediately following incident found tracks on ground at place indicated by children noted very strong odor sulfur Likewise another witness also came forward admitted being in granary close site clearly remembered hissing sound very different helicopter time The reconstruction at site presence two main witnesses confirmed both descriptive accounts circumstances followed sighting At time children gave off strong odor sulfur above all suffered physiological disorders eyes ran several days These facts certified family doctor confirmed their father mayor village time conclusion second inquiry judge gave opinion witnesses testimony There is flaw inconsistency various elements permit doubt sincerity witnesses reasonably suspect invention hoax hallucination Under these circumstances despite young age principal witnesses extraordinary facts related think they actually observed them 4.3 Trans-en-Provence Var [Department] (January 8 1981) GEPAN/SEPR A investigation In Trans-en-Provence on January 8 1981 around 5:00 p.m man building small shed for water pump garden reportedly witness unusual cases ever observed studied France reflection sun something moving sky supposedly attracted attention allowing observe descent then abrupt landing platform earth located below house silent metal object object which ovoid shape did not exhibit any apparent projections wings control surfaces engine would permit liken some type aircraft object rested platform earth few short seconds still without emitting any noise then took off disappeared high speed azure blue sky account could stop simple visual sighting if there hadn't been visible mechanical tracks imprints crown pushed case
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into the domain of the unexplained. The gendarmerie and then GEPAN conducted an in-depth investigation including numerous interviews with the witness and his neighbors. The expert's appraisals of the ground - the taking of soil and plant samples followed by analyses - showed unequivocally that it really was a case of an unidentified heavy metal object that had actually landed on the platform of earth. The analyses of plant samples taken at the site indicated that they were not dealing with any type of [known] aircraft, or even a helicopter or military drone, which were hypotheses that were considered and analyzed. The vegetation at the landing site - a sort of wild alfalfa - had been profoundly marked and affected by an external agent that considerably altered the photosynthesis apparatus. In fact, the chlorophyll, as well as certain amino acids of the plants, exhibited significant variations in concentration, variations which decreased with the distance [of the plants] from the center of the mechanical track. These effects disappeared completely two years later, thus revealing a specific and particular type of trauma. According to Professor Michel Bounias of the ecology and plant toxicology laboratory of INRA [National Institute for Agronomic Research] who performed the analyses, the cause of the profound disturbances suffered by the vegetation present in that ecosystem could likely be a powerful pulsed electromagnetic field in high frequency (microwave) range. Studies and research are still being conducted in regard to this case and numerous leads have been explored. None of these leads has been able to satisfy all conditions that would enable object that landed in Trans-en-Provence on January 8, 1981, to be identified with certainty, and this is all more true with respect to determination its origin. 4.4 Nancy Meurthe-et-Moselle [Department], so-called "Amaranth" Case (October 21, 1982) GEPAN/SEPRA investigation The "Amaranth" Case concerns sighting during day by witness cellular biology researcher object hovering above his garden for 20 minutes. The testimony recorded by gendarmerie less than 5 hours after sighting is summarized as follows: - The witness was in his garden front house around 12:35 am after work on October 21, 1982; he saw flying craft which first took for airplane come from southeast. He saw shiny craft indicated no clouds sun not eyes visibility excellent craft speed descent not very great thought it was going pass over house once realized trajectory craft bringing toward him backed up 3 to 4 meters oval shape stopped approximately one meter ground remained hovering about minutes. - Witness stated since looked watch absolutely certain length time craft hovered described craft follows: ovoid shape approximately m diameter cm thick bottom half metallic appearance like polished beryllium upper half blue-green color inner depths lagoon craft did not emit any noise nor seemed emit heat cold radiation magnetism electromagnetism After minutes craft suddenly rose straight up trajectory maintained until out sight craft departure fast effect strong suction witness indicated finally there tracks marks ground grass charred flattened
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but he did remark that when the craft departed, the grass stood straight up, then returned to its normal position. The interest of this sighting, apart from its strangeness, lies in the visible traces left on the vegetation and, namely, on an amaranth bush, the tips of whose leaves, which had completely dried up, led one to think that they had been subjected to intense electrical fields. However, despite short time delays before intervention, the sampling conditions and then the storage of the sample did not permit this hypothesis to be verified definitively. Based on an earlier study on the behavior of plants subjected to electrical fields, it emerged that: - the electrical field, which was what probably caused the blades of grass to lift up, had to have exceeded 30 kV/m, - the effects on the amaranth that were observed were probably due to an electrical field that had to have far exceeded 200 kV/m at the level of the plant. Chapter 5 - Counterexamples of Phenomena That Have Been Explained The cases reported in the preceding chapters have remained unexplained, despite the richness of their data. Such cases are in the minority. Many sightings of aerial phenomena made in France that the witnesses could not understand and reported to the gendarmerie have been explained after a short investigation by the gendarmerie and/or GEPAN/SEPRA: The causes of these have been: moon planets aircraft weather balloons reflections from automobile headlights on clouds etc., and very rarely hoaxes. Sometimes investigation yielded more unusual explanations. We will give two examples. 5.1 A Strange Object Crosses a Highway (September 29 1988) GEPAN/SEPRA investigation An auto mechanic driving on Paris-Lille freeway saw an enormous red ball cross road a few dozen meters away from him and roll down below road Casting reflections light enveloped dense smoke it finally came halt field Troubled by this disturbing observation auto mechanic apparently reported it highway gendarmerie On chief's orders gendarmerie then sealed off freeway zone several kilometers around object principal witness family taken hospital where underwent series examinations Civilian military security officers went site incident equipped primarily with Geiger counters At that time fact they were waiting Soviet satellite Cosmos 1900 which was equipped nuclear power generator fall precise instructions given When consulted CNES very quickly informed them Cosmos 1900 was overflying Indian Ocean at moment Did red ball come space Advancing caution monitoring nuclear radiation detectors security specialists drew near sphere approximately 150 m diameter Under bright light searchlights they saw bore considerable heat build-up mechanical effects atmospheric reentry would produced appeared intact small mirrors covered surface No smoke radioactivity detected near sphere later learned this sphere intended serve decoration Jean-Michel Jarre concert fallen truck carrying London
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small mirrors stuck to its polystyrene casing were for reflecting the show's lighting effects... 5.2 A Bright Glow in a Village in the Dombes Region (March 10, 1979) GEPAN/SEPRA investigation On March 13, 1979, the local [gendarmerie] force of a small village in the Dombes region was alerted by an inhabitant who said he had seen an unidentified flying object over the town during the night of March 10 to 11. In the course of its investigation, the [gendarmerie] force recorded a total of four testimonies, three of which were totally independent of one another. The first witness, a restaurateur in the village, described the phenomenon as a bluish and purplish luminous mass slightly oval in shape and around 15 meters in length. The light was so bright that the village square was lit up as if it were broad daylight, to such a degree that the public lighting, which goes on automatically, went out. Two other witnesses, who were in a car close to the village, reported that this luminous mass preceded their vehicle on the road about 2 m ahead of them. They informed the gendarmes that this light went out suddenly after an orange-colored light appeared on each side of the glow. Finally, a fourth witness, a fish farmer, said he had been awakened that night by a dull noise and had seen a bright bluish glow. The next day, all the fish in one of his fish (------) tanks, catfishes, were found dead. The presence of a power line hanging over the tank enabled the gendarmes to focus their investigation on phenomena of an electrical origin. GEPAN/SEPRA did the same during the investigation that it conducted on site a few days later. It discovered very quickly that the 10-kV power line hanging over tank had melted. The information provided by [the French electricity company] EDF enabled them to demonstrate that since this line was some thirty years old; it was very likely that corrosion and oxidation of aluminum wires had caused power arc effect in line probably in conjunction with corona effect. This would explain; on one hand; bluish glow and noise heard by witness; and on other hand; public lighting going out. Glow was; fact; bright enough to trigger photoelectric control cell which was located close to melted line. Finally; fish died as result being poisoned by drops aluminum fell tank for several minutes. PART 2 The Extent of Our Knowledge Chapter 6 - Organization Research France In 1977; Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales tasked mission setting permanent structure for study unidentified aerospace phenomena (UAP); Groupe d'Etudes de Phenomenes Aerospatiaux Non Identifies (GEPAN). This
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establishment had within it the skills and resources appropriate to this mission, in particular, engineers and personnel with high-level technical knowledge who were in close touch with scientific circles. A scientific council chaired by Hubert Curien and composed of twelve members who were representative of the social and exact sciences guaranteed that this complex and delicate subject would be handled with all the necessary precision. This council had the job of guiding, organizing, and reviewing the work of GEPAN annually. Three phases can be distinguished in the progression of the activity connected with the study of UFOs in France, which culminated in 1988 in the creation of the Service d'Expertise des Phénomènes de Rentree Atmosphérique (SEPRA), which succeeded GEPAN, still within CNES: - a phase that consisted of setting up the organization and defining the procedures for the collection and processing of data, which is described in this chapter, - a phase that consisted of defining the scientific method for studying cases, - a phase that consisted of implementing the previously defined methods and procedures, the last two of which are discussed in the next chapter. SEPRA plays a more limited role in the study of UFOs than does GEPAN, the scientific council of which has ended its mission 6.1 The Setting Up the Organization Phase GEPAN's first job was to form a partnership among different public, civilian, and military agencies with a view to organizing collection and analysis of reliable data. The Gendarmerie Nationale, civil and military aviation authorities, National Weather Service etc., were approached and brought together in this organization via agreements and protocols established with GEPAN. The first goal set was rapid acquisition provision data collected at sites where phenomenon was sighted. To do this, according to directives from scientific council GEPAN was tasked forming teams specialized investigators for collection psychological physical data such as taking samples tracks ground. In parallel to this organization various civilian military research laboratories asked participate expert's appraisals analyses data collected investigations such as processing photographic documents radar recordings. 6.2 Participation of Gendarmerie Nationale It was February 1974 that first instructions given tasking Gendarmerie Nationale job collecting centralizing spontaneous testimonies on UFOs. Previously these testimonies had been collected on occasional basis regional [gendarmerie] forces rarely gave rise drafting reports or to investigations (Valensole case 1965). The administrative or technical authorities did not process use these documents. Beginning May 1977 one six copies report drafted regional gendarmerie forces forwarded GEPAN from then on became recipient all information collected UFOs. 6.2.1 Role Action Gendarmerie Nationale
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Each gendarmerie force possesses a manual, the "gendarmerie handbook," which contains all of the instructions on the procedures to be followed in the collection of data on unidentified aerospace phenomena. Depending on the degree of complexity of the case reported, the level of intervention may range from the simple transcript of a testimony to an actual investigation, which may be conducted jointly with the GEPAN/SEPRA departments at the locations of sightings and often results in an in-depth report. 6.2.2 Use of Data Collected by the Gendarmerie Nationale Once the information has been collected locally by the gendarmerie, it is forwarded in the form of a report to the Gendarmerie Nationale headquarters in Paris, which issues a copy of it to GEPAN/SEPRA. The latter processes it at two different levels: - at the first level, the report is analyzed, then entered into a database, and perhaps is processed statistically for the purpose of establishing classifications and typologies of phenomena, - at the second level, which relates to more complex "UAP D" (category D unidentified aerospace phenomena) cases, the investigation in the field generates a set of research activities with respect to elements for further processing that results in drafting a detailed, in-depth investigation report; this report may be used for track interpretation studies. 6.2.3 Assessment and Results of Cooperation with Gendarmerie Nationale Since 1974, over 3000 gendarmerie reports representing an average of three spontaneous testimonies per document have been collected and forwarded to GEPAN/SEPRA. Added to this are some one hundred investigations and interventions in field conducted jointly with local [gendarmerie] forces. All these have permitted characterization rare natural artificial phenomena that have occurred with varying frequency which would not have been able identified without this type organization. Thanks collaboration it has been possible study UFO cases like Trans-en-Provence Amaranth cases (see Chapter 4) under excellent conditions showing remnant events nature yet identified A volume information describing objectives sought CNES study UFOs was widely disseminated regional [gendarmerie] forces Supplemental information training end line cut off direction officers lower-level gendarmes regularly provided by Gendarmerie Nationale schools sensitize [gendarmerie] force commanders subject The results this collaboration could be more effective Regular updating data collection procedures desirable as well shorter time delays before intervention investigations between time local [gendarmerie] force learns case time SEPR intervenes This reduction intervention time would considerably diminish loss information particularly effects environment It would also important for gendarmeries routinely informed work investigations carried out SEPR However
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resources currently available in terms of personnel and budget allocations do not permit a response with the efficacy desired. 6.3 Participation of the Air Force Just after World War II, the first reports of French aeronautic UFO sightings were collected and archived by the Air Force Chief of Staff's Office of Planning and Studies (EMAA/BPE). When GEPAN was created, a memorandum of understanding defined the respective roles of the two agencies for the processing of information relating to cases of military aeronautic sightings. In principle, all UFO sightings must be reported to the military air [traffic] control center in question, which forwards the information to the Air Operations Center (CCOA) in Taverny. The latter is responsible, in collaboration with the Air Force Chief of Staff's Space Office, for forwarding it to GEPAN/SEPRA. At the same time, all radar information is recorded in the radar control centers and kept for a minimum of one month and longer on request. This information is made available to investigators if needed. A protocol established with the Army defines the conditions for the forwarding of information collected in flight by pilots of the Army Air Corps (ALAT). 6.4 Participation of the Civil Aviation Authority The same type of organization and procedures is used by the civil aviation authority to collect and process the information relating to UFO sightings made by civilian pilots. A protocol signed between the Civil Aviation Directorate (DGAC) and CNES permits GEPAN/SEPRA to have access to UFO sighting reports drafted by national and foreign airlines crews. To this end, a sighting report form prepared jointly by DGAC and GEPAN/SEPRA is made available to crews at the air [traffic] control centers of the civil aviation authority and airlines. In addition, radio conversations between crew and air [traffic] control [center] are routinely recorded and attached to detailed sighting report. There is also a regulation concerning flight incidents that could involve safety. In this case, the flight captain must follow "Airmiss" procedure, which routinely triggers an investigation by DGAC. 6.5 Additional Research Resources Numerous civilian (public or private) and military bodies contribute to expert appraisals performed in investigations work by GEPAN/SEPRA. This involvement takes place at two levels either collection data field utilization sighting reports or analysis data after expert's appraisal theoretical experimental research that are deemed necessary. Cooperation agreements have been established particularly with various bodies that can benefit from results investigations interest their own area study
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for example: - lightning (EDF, CEA [French Atomic Energy Commission], the National Weather Service, ONERA, CEAT [Toulouse Aeronautic Test Center]), - meteors (CNRS [National Center for Scientific Research], DGA [French General Delegation for Armaments]), - line disturbances (EDF, France Télécom [French telecommunications company]), - group sociology and, in particular, sects (CNRS, universities), - photography, the study of films, the processing of satellite imagery (Fleximage company). The following three applications should be emphasized: 6.5.1 Sample Analysis GEPAN/SEPRA is supported by various civilian and military laboratories, including those of the Etablissement Technique Central de l'Armement (ETCA), [Central Technical Armaments Institution] for analyzing soil and plant samples collected during the course of investigations. 6.5.2 Use of Photographs Image processing work was performed at ETCA between 1981 and 1988. This work enabled the techniques and procedures, listed in GEPAN technical memorandum no. 18, for studying supposed UFO photographs to be defined. Diffraction filters were issued to each gendarmerie regional unit to permit on-site collection of information over the light spectrum emitted. 6.5.3 Sky Surveillance System A system called "ORION" was studied and partially deployed by [the Ministry of] Defense for the purpose of monitoring, identifying, and predicting the passage of satellites particularly over national territory. It should meet at least partially the need for the surveillance of UFO-type light phenomena. The system consists of: - the current surveillance and tracking radar systems and listening antenna on the ship Monge, - two radar and optical surveillance systems and one optical imaging system: • the "GRAVES" surveillance radar system which will be capable of detecting objects from 1 m2 [in size] at a distance of 1500 km, • the "SPOC" [Sky Observation Probe System] optical surveillance system which uses CCD cameras to detect and determine the trajectory of orbiting satellites or magnitude 7 to 8 space debris (the installation of equipment at two sites is currently under way), - finally, the development of the 4 m diameter "SOLSTICE" telescope which may be provided with adaptive optics for observation objects in geostationary orbit (36000 km).
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Chapter 7 - Method and Results of GEPAN/SEPRA 7.1 Method Developed by GEPAN GEPAN developed an original method for studying rare, randomly occurring phenomena. Meteorites are among these phenomena. Scientists have long refused to consider sightings of stones that have fallen from the sky, which are generally reported by rural inhabitants. Fortunately, in 1803, the physicist Jean-Baptiste Biot conducted an in-depth investigation in the village of Laigle in Orne [Department] about three weeks after it was reported that stones had fallen from the sky. Biot examined numerous stones and certain evidence (broken branches, perforated roofs, fires) and questioned many independent witnesses. He prepared a convincing report that gave scientific existence to meteorites. The method developed by GEPAN was approved by its scientific council. It basically consists of identifying initially unknown phenomena and performing a joint analysis of four types of data concerning: - witnesses: physiology, psychology, etc., - testimonies: accounts, reactions to questions, general behavior, etc., - the physical environment: weather, air traffic, photographs, radar data, traces left on the environment, etc., - the psychosocial environment: readings and beliefs of witnesses, possible influence of the media and various groups on these witnesses, etc. Gendarmerie reports often contain sufficient data in order to be able to identify the phenomenon sighted. In many cases, the phenomenon turns out to be an airplane, a planet, a satellite, etc. In other cases, a fairly large supplemental investigation is conducted by GEPAN/SEPRA. An in-depth study can take up to two years. The analysis of traces left on the environment may result in specialized laboratories being called on for assistance (see the Trans-en-Provence and "Amaranth" cases in Chapter 4). Finally research was conducted in collaboration with the universities in order to perfect the investigation method. CNES out of a concern for scientific precision adopted the term "UAP" instead of the term UFO which is more well known but more restrictive. GEPAN is the group that studies UAPs. 7.2 First Classification of UAPs (Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena) After a study is conducted each case is classified by GEPAN/SEPRA into one of the following four categories depending on extent to which it has been identified: - Category A: completely identified phenomenon, - Category B: phenomenon that can probably be identified but which cannot be identified with certainty due to lack of evidence, - Category C: phenomenon that cannot be identified due to lack of data, - Category D: phenomenon that cannot be identified despite abundance and quality of data. Category D UAPs represent 4%5%ofthe casesandarecalledUAPDs.They include sightingsofphenomena,someofwhichwereclosetothegroundwithinafewmetersofthewitnesses.The strangestandmostmysteriouscasesinthiscategoryaregenerally
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labeled CE3s (close encounters of the third kind) according to the classification proposed by Professor A. Hynek, an astronomer and consultant to the USAF, within the context of the Blue Book Project (cf. Chapter 9.1). 7.3 Typology of UAP Ds The detailed statistical analysis of UAP Ds enables a precise determination of the distribution of their physical characteristics: speed, acceleration, silence, shape, effects on the environment. It is interesting to note that statistical studies in the USSR yielded distributions comparable to those determined by Claude Poher, the first head of GEPAN, from some 200 French cases, or 1,000 cases worldwide. It would be desirable to be able to develop UAP D statistical studies in France. 7.4 Investigations of Remarkable Cases Around one hundred investigations have been conducted by GEPAN/SEPRA. Some of them have highlighted rare physical atmospheric phenomena associated, for example, with lightning; others have revealed unusual psychological behavior of witnesses caused, for example, by taking hallucinogenic drugs. Several very in-depth investigations based on analyses of evidence have demonstrated, in the end, the physical presence of a phenomenon the nature and origin of which remain unknown. Two cases related in Chapter 4 stand out in our minds, the Trans-en-Provence case of January 8, 1981, and the “Amaranth” case of October 21, 1982. The investigations lead us to believe that double- saucer-shaped objects were close to the ground for some time, then departed toward the sky leaving traces on the vegetation and, in the Trans-en-Provence case, on the ground itself. They are detailed in GEPAN technical memoranda no. 16 and no. 17 (see the reference list in Chapter 6). 7.5 Aeronautical Cases 7.5.1 Data on French Aeronautical Cases - Twelve French aeronautical cases have been brought to the attention of GEPAN/SEPRA; only three or four of these can be considered to fall into category D. - The first UAP D case identified dates back to 1951. It involved Vampire military aircraft in the Orange area. In two other very extraordinary sightings which are presented in Chapter 1, military pilots reported [REDACTED] with aeronautical performances inconsistent with [REDACTED] over [REDACTED] and Luxeuil [REDACTED]. However not until January [REDACTED], was [REDACTED] crew able to collect [REDACTED] visual sighting correlated with a radar detection over [REDACTED] long (see Chapter 1.3). 7.5.2 Aeronautical UAP D Cases Worldwide The aeronautical UAP D cases known since 1942 were initially enumerated in a document entitled Rencontres dans le ciel [Encounters in Sky], by Dominique Weinstein, the French portion which SEPRA contributed to The list sightings
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worldwide includes the description of 489 well-documented cases of aeronautical UAP D sightings the sources of which were duly verified. Most of the information on these aeronautical UAP Ds is drawn from official sources, government authorities, the Air Forces of different States, or agencies like SEPRA. This list offers a classification according to criteria with respect to the quality of the sighting. It ranges from simple visual sightings, describing the specific performances or maneuvers of the phenomenon observed (speed, acceleration, maneuverability, silence, etc.), to more elaborate sightings, mentioning environmental disturbances caused by the aeronautical UAP Ds, such as radio interference or radar jamming, navigation instrument malfunctions, or even physical effects on the crew (heat, blinding, etc.). Between 1947 and 1969, that is(-) during the time of the U.S. Air Force Blue Book Project on UFOs, 363 sightings were identified. 1952 is the year in which the greatest number of sightings were recorded: 68. A total of 63 countries are cited as having been the scene of at least one aeronautical sighting. 7.5.3 "Radar/Visual" Cases Worldwide “Radar/visual” cases are those in which a visual sighting is associated with an onboard radar and/or ground radar detection. It is noted that: - The first sightings in Japan and the USSR date back to 1948, - 30 of the 68 countries cited in the list reported “radar/visual” cases, - Of the 489 cases in the report, 101 were “radar/visual” cases (21%), - Of the 363 cases in Blue Book report, 76 were “radar/visual” cases (21%), - In 1952 out of 68 cases were “radar/visual” cases (23.52%). In conclusion we can clearly establish that from 1942 to 1995 at least well documented and recognized aeronautical UAP D sightings were identified throughout world nearly %of which were “radar/visual” cases They furnish proof physical reality phenomena that exhibited paradoxical maneuvers. 7.6 The Physical Reality of UAP Ds 7.6.1 An Initial Report as Early as September [ILLEGIBLE] in United States We have seen that work GEPAN SEPRA showed there was entire category rare physical phenomena occurring varying frequency could not be classified known natural artificial phenomena These phenomena UAP Ds which we have highlighted both aeronaual sphere military civilian aeronaual cases close ground case close encounters support other well documented sightings verified by official authorities throughout world It interesting note November [sic] right start very first wave modern UFO sightings United States General Twining head Air Material Command drafted report flying disks conclusions very explicit:
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maneuvers when the disks are detected lead one to assume that they are piloted or operated by remote control. 5. Most witnesses describe objects with a metal surface that are circular or elliptical in shape, the upper portion of which is dome shaped, flying without making any noise in a formation of three to nine objects... 7.6.2 GEPAN/SEPRA’s Work We do not have irrefutable tangible proof in the form of material, either whole or in fragments, that confirm the physical nature of UAP Ds and their artifact character. Nevertheless, the collection and expert appraisal work carried out at GEPAN/SEPRA for over 20 years confirms the statements General Twining made in 1947. 7.6.3 French Aeronautical Cases The study of French military aeronautical UAP D [sightings] (Orange in 1951, Tours in 1976, Luxeuil in 1977) supports General Twining’s conclusions, namely the fourth one. The testimonies of the pilots do in fact lead one to assume that the objects were “either piloted or operated by remote control”: all of the pilots reported that it was “the object” that appeared to be moving toward them and not the other way around. Moreover, all of them considered the maneuvering abilities of the object to be far superior to those that they were familiar with. 7.6.4 Cases of Close-Up UAP D Sightings in France For their part, the cases of close-up UAP D sightings in France are very much in keeping with Twining’s conclusions 4 and 5. In Trans-en-Provence (Chapter 4), the expert appraisals made at the site support the local testimony and show that the object with a metallic appearance and circular shape landed, then took off silently within a very short space of time not very far from a wall 2.5 m in height. No modern aircraft is capable of these silent maneuvers, nor of this degree of precision when landing. It is hard not to imagine a piloted or remote-controlled flying machine, or else one having highly advanced cybernetics. The other French cases of close encounters described in Chapter 4 also strongly suggest the existence of an intelligent [civilization] behind the UAP Ds. In Valensole, “Amaranth” and Cussac cases, once the witness or witnesses are brought face to face with the UAP D, everything generally happens very quickly, and object escapes without having shown slightest aggressiveness toward witnesses. 7.6.5 Foreign Cases - Conclusion The study of certain foreign cases leads to conclusions similar to those drawn from French cases One may reread this spirit description aeronautical presented Chapter We could also relate foreign cases close encounters such as
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the Socorro (New Mexico) case, which is similar to the Trans-en-Provence case, but the critical overview of which would needlessly weigh down this report. One strong conclusion emerges from this set of facts: some UAP Ds do seem to be completely unknown flying machines with exceptional performances that are guided by a natural or artificial intelligence. Chapter 8 - UFOs: Hypotheses, Modeling Attempts 8.1 Partial Models Credible sightings of aerial objects can be reinforced by plausible technical explanations of the phenomena reported. Among the most striking observations in relation to the current state of our knowledge, we cite: - aerial movements carried out silently with very rapid accelerations and/or very high speeds, - the shutting off of the engines of nearby land vehicles, - the locomotive paralysis of witnesses. Insofar as the sightings that are the most well documented, and the most credible owing to the obvious competence of the witnesses, come from aircraft pilots, it is their sightings of aerial movements, sightings which are, moreover, supported by radar plots, that should be explained first. 8.1.1 Travel There are, from the standpoint of the concept, various principles of propulsion that do not require propellers or jet engines that could thus be silent. The most advanced uses magnetohydrodynamics abbreviated MHD but many others can also be considered. We will review these. 8.1.1.1 MHD Propulsion The principle of MHD propulsion which cannot be envisioned in a vacuum consists of causing an electrical current to flow in the medium surrounding .ship At same time ship emits magnetic field According Laplace's law this field exerts force on current and thus on medium in which it is flowing; this is principle most electric motors The medium being thus displaced in relation ship it fact latter undergoes reaction force enables it propel It remains create necessary field and current: - for magnetic field this easily accomplished installing windings like those electric motors in which suitable electrical current travels in or under walls ship, - for electrical current all depends on medium. In sea water it easy cause current flow using electrodes positioned hull This why MHD propulsion has been experimented with so far successfully United States Japan both surface submarine ship models. In air which naturally insulating more difficult cause electrical current flow but air can made conducting using for example strong electric fields generated here again by suitable electrodes (air when rendered conducting can become more less
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luminous, which has frequently been observed around unknown objects). As for the magnetic field, it can be created as it is for boats. However, propulsion is much more difficult to achieve in air, since, in that case, it must not only propel the aircraft but first of all compensate for its weight. The electrical and magnetic fields required are therefore much stronger than for a naval ship and, in practice, obtaining the very strong fields that are essential is scarcely conceivable without having recourse to superconductive wirings. Still theoretical until a only few years ago, their use in an aerial vehicle has been a credible prospect since 1991, with the discovery of superconductors capable of operating at near- ambient temperatures. Propulsion in the atmosphere without propellers or jet engines is, therefore, completely possible in principle with MHD, and the calculations show that the power necessary is not, in certain cases, incompatible with our current aeronautical engines. The fact that no cooling system has been seen (or heard) on the objects that have been observed close up can be explained as long as the length of the craft’s flights does not exceed a few dozen minutes. Furthermore, other motors that we already use - electric motors from energy stored onboard or flywheels if they are not yet powerful enough - would not need immediate cooling which duly proves that this problem is not insurmountable. Numerous witnesses have been struck by the silence accompanying the maneuvers of the objects which do not create a “bang” even at supersonic speeds (cf. Part 1 Chapters 1 2 and 3). MHD propulsion could account for this silence: preliminary experiments in noise reduction by eliminating the wake and shock wave albeit under very special conditions are encouraging. There has been extensive work on different aspects of MHD propulsion of aircraft abroad: in United States at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy (NY), and according to journal New Scientist (February 1996) in Great Britain and Russia. To sum up based on current state of our knowledge an MHD aircraft model is conceivable in short term while creation of craft having same movement capabilities as aerial vehicles described by witnesses seems quite likely within few dozen years For time being only quasi absence perceptible air flow noise while hovering close ground pose problems 8.1.1.2 Other Propulsion Methods In vacuum absence scarcity molecules atoms prevents current flow medium as well projection mass sufficient substance pulled from this medium MHD propulsion therefore not possible necessary formulate other hypotheses Jet propulsion means chemical reactions comparable rocket engines even though performance more advanced should ruled out apriori In fact space phase travel unknown objects takes place very far sight In addition skins for stealth purposes render them invisible telescopes radars beyond few kilometers or few dozen kilometers Consequently at these distances these objects could very well use classic propulsion systems without being detected Mainly then problems respect power consumption mass to be expelled raised but method reviewed below 8.1.1.3 would enable these problems to be partially solved More advanced technologically are propulsion systems call high velocity exhaust considerable fraction speed light particle beams Due
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extremely high exhaust velocity, the mass expelled is low and expulsion can be continued for a very long time. Such particle beam generators that can be loaded on board satellites have been developed for space warfare in the former USSR (at the von Ardenne laboratory in Soukhoumi, Georgia) and the United States, especially at the Argonne National Laboratory. At present, of course, these beams are much less powerful than what would be necessary here, but they are already of interest as low-power engines once out of the proximity of planets. The U.S. probe "Deep Space 1", which should narrowly miss asteroid 1992 KD on July 29, 1999, was equipped with an engine of this type. Other methods of space propulsion are being studied very actively: nuclear propulsion using fission ("NERVA," "ORION," and "DAEDALUS" projects) and, more recently, fusion, which would offer respective gains of one and over two orders of magnitude in comparison with the best engines at present. Beyond this, the use of power stored in the form of antimatter - which has become credible since CERN [European Council for Nuclear Research] created an antihydrogen atom and demonstrated the means for storing it - will offer gains even one hundred times greater. This is why a growing number of research centers are doing work on this subject: the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, the Air Force Astronautical Laboratory (Edwards Air Force Base), where antigravitation is also being studied according to the June 10, 1996 issue of Jane's Defence Weekly. The latter topic is reportedly also being pursued in Great Britain and in the CIS [Commonwealth of Independent States]. 8.1.1.3 Use of Planetary or Stellar Impulse Closer to our current technologies, even though strictly speaking it does not have to do with propulsion, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory imagined in 1961 that a spacecraft slingshotting off the potential [gravity] wells of suitably selected planets could attain higher and higher speeds without expending any energy. This method is now routinely used for missions to remote planets in our [solar] system One can then envision that by using "reflections" not only by planets but also by stars as Dyson proposed in 1963 considerable speeds could be attained (limited only by escape velocities) and interstellar distances could be crossed using relatively little energy at the price obviously necessary for departure arrival slingshots This method would lead to interstellar voyage lengths probably figuring in thousands years thus with an order magnitude greater than lengths anticipated for envisioned antimatter propulsion. 8.1.1.4 Conclusion Regarding Travel To sum up for travel both in atmosphere and space we can formulate reasonable hypotheses on flight without any apparent means lift first case on crossing great distances up to an interstellar scale second. 8.1.2 The Shutting Off Land Vehicle Engines To explain this phenomenon which has been reported frequently abroad it is necessary to consider a remote action Since no beams light appear associated with these engine immobilizations we can imagine radio-frequency radiation such as microwaves
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which we know can cause effects of this type and which can be easily formed into beams to act from a distance. Under these conditions, microwave emissions from unknown objects would be likely to create around the vehicle an electrical field strong enough to cause, when added to the ignition voltages, ionization and electrical breakdown of the air around the high voltage circuit of the engine ([ignition] coil, distributor, spark plug wire), thus short-circuiting the firing pulses to the engine mass and shutting it off. Since electronic ignition came into widespread use in the 70s, the action of microwaves, apart from the mechanism previously described, may be exerted directly, paralyzing the electronic circuit generating the high voltage. We can therefore envision the action of unknown objects on land vehicles, including nowadays those with diesel engines, which are made vulnerable due to their more and more common electronic regulation circuit. Let us recall that the ability to generate high power microwave beams is within the capabilities of our own technologies, as demonstrated by the intensive work being carried out in the United States and the former USSR to develop microwave weapons intended precisely to destroy or immobilize enemy electronic systems from a distance, and even to act on personnel. In France, high power microwave generators that can be used for this purpose are being studied. This does not rule out the possibility of other types of radiation being used. Charged particle beams would be capable of analogous effects, passing through if necessary living matter such as bodies of some witnesses without being felt by latter or leaving any notable or lasting sequels. This can be illustrated by beams accelerators used in proton therapy which begin by passing through tissue without causing too much damage and becoming destructive only when their energy falls below a certain threshold as a result of their penetration. This mode of action corresponds moreover certain testimonies that report observation beams light passing through physical obstacles; in fact by ionizing air proton beams generally do become visible in form truncated beams light length which is function initial energy. 8.1.3 Locomotive Paralysis Some Witnesses This phenomenon is less common It is remarkable in that paralysis reported only affect certain voluntary movements but not respiration or posture (balance in particular is not compromised; witnesses do not fall down) or eye movements From standpoint concepts it can be remarked that human beings posture respiration controlled cerebellum organ independent cerebrum governs voluntary movements The paralysis effects observed reasonably attributed microwaves acting distance certain parts human body (this also objectives work mentioned above microwave weapons). We should note these effects among others are being studied Air Force Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland AFB 8.2 Modeling Credibility The fact we can formulate credible hypothesis propulsion objects sighted obviously only positive indication but not proof existence no more than conformity model imagine In this regard history technique teaches humility but it can also yield quasi
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certainties: - humility in noting prognostic errors committed in the past. It suffices to recall the affirmations made by or attributed to several very great scientists: "You cannot breath in tunnels," "science is almost finished," "something heavier than air cannot fly," etc. It would therefore be presumptuous to claim to foresee, based on our current knowledge and accomplishments what might be technologies (------) only slightly more advanced than our own - or our own technologies in one or two centuries. Let us consider that only 150 years ago, engines, electricity, the existence of the atom, and Hertzian waves were unknown! We can also reread Jules Verne: Paris au XXe siècle [Paris in the 20th Century] or Hier et demain [Yesterday and Tomorrow]... - certainties, since scientific and technical progress can only continue, supported by more scientists and engineers than there have ever been, spurred by competition among nations. This competition, in our now "closed" world will focus on all of the resources that once were free: potable water, the deep sea, the polar regions, air, space, radio frequencies, etc. Although it is risky to predict the results of an increasingly accelerated scientific and technical development, it is at least almost certain that our own knowledge will have advanced greatly even within a few decades. There's no telling what progress will be made beyond that time! Under these circumstances we can conclude with a high degree of certainty that movements of objects that at present are just beyond our capabilities will be technically possible within a few decades or even a few centuries even if the knowledge put into play is not what we are predicting. To the extent that the preceding conclusion is acceptable let us go further and comment that only a few million years will have elapsed (barring a catastrophe) between the appearance of man and the future stellar expeditions of our descendants (cf. Chapter 8.3.6 and Appendix 4). This interval between the appearance on earth of a conscious intelligence and the time when we will be able to perform the same feats as those performed by objects we are dealing with here is infinitesimal (one to two thousand years) compared with age of earth or even with 600 million years that separate us from appearance of first living organisms at beginning Cambrian period. But development other intelligent [beings] on other worlds cannot have taken place at exactly same rate as on earth If age these other worlds like age earth order 4 billion years if conscious life form appeared neither rate its development nor epoch world created cannot have been exactly same ours. Under these conditions even minuscule deviation 0.1% for example in regard these initial data would make it possible place such civilization between several million years ahead ours several million years behind ours. Thus probability extent development two civilizations universe and in same solar system being equal appears very low likelihood we have only two possibilities: - our "neighbors" are several thousand or several million years behind us (or do not yet exist as conscious species) it will be we who discover them, - our neighbors are ahead us but then probability advance figures thousands years rather than years hundreds year if can judge from rate own development their level development would certainly exceed forecasting capabilities every domain.
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8.3 UFOs - Overall Hypotheses For several dozens of years, the systematic collection and scientific study of unusual atmospheric phenomena have permitted a number of major advances. Of course, on analysis, a good proportion of the sightings have proven completely explicable: satellite, re-entries sounding balloons, etc. This has furthermore enabled the precision of the observers, as well as the veracity and consistency of the testimonies, to be tested. Cases of hoaxes are, on the whole, very rare and quite easy to detect. The majority of the observers provide reliable reports, although it is necessary to take into account the problems of diverse assessments. Most of the sightings of all types have also enabled the credible and well-documented sightings called UAP Ds (category D unidentified aerospace phenomena), for which no explanation has been found to be classified separately. However, these phenomena are often attested by means of consistent testimonies all the way up to visual sightings coupled with radar sightings. Of course, if there had only been ten or so UAP D [sightings], this ambiguous file could just have been classified as "no action," but we are no longer at that point and are far beyond that. Thus we are forced to seek plausible explanations. All sorts of hypotheses have been constructed, and they may be classified as follows: 8.3.1 Non Scientific Hypotheses "We are being manipulated without realizing it" (by a very secret, very powerful, and very knowledgeable group of people; by strange, unknown, or even extraterrestrial beings; by spirits; by the devil; by our psychological fantasies; etc.). Obviously, we cannot say a priori whether these hypotheses are true or false [since] they cannot be proven; their main drawback is that they aren't much good to us. Parapsychological phenomena and collective hallucinations should be classified in this category. The same is true of the idea that is sometimes expressed that the futuristic craft sighted are actually products of the future activity of humanity. Our descendants of the distant [future], who have found the way to go back in time, come to observe us... It is obviously classic to try to reconstruct and observe the past via any of the traces that it leaves, and one could theoretically observe it directly (for example, by discovering a well-oriented mirror on a planet located a few light years away). It is, however out of question for such an observation to be able to influence a bygone time in any way even by being detectable. 8.3.2 Secret Weapons of a Superpower UAP Ds would then be piloted or remote-controlled craft terrestrial origin There is no lack observers believe object fantastic performances they saw maneuvering sky state art military progress which would explain secrecy in which cloaked Certainly studies regarding stealth aircraft magnetohydrodynamics actually lead impressive progress But besides fact would extremely unwise expose eyes laymen foreign experts in this way much interest concealing can added today
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throughout the decades during which these phenomena have occurred, the secret would have inevitably come out, especially if the political upheavals of recent years are taken into account. 8.3.3 Disinformation Attempts Into this category fall special effects and montages, which are generally accompanied by a lot of media publicity. Some researchers believe that without necessarily lending themselves to the manufacture of ultramodern weapons, the performances of high-tech craft might serve to brainwash public opinion in the same way as other propaganda techniques. Of course, this point of view is a direct result of the cold war period. Any means were good at that time for destabilizing the other camp, including fear of an invasion by extraterrestrials or the instilling of doubt about leaders "who hide something manifestly very serious from us." This type of hypothesis is even less satisfying than the preceding ones because it runs up against the objections to each of those. 8.3.4 Holographic Images At the junction between disinformation attempts and extraterrestrial hypotheses lies the technique of holographic images, whether they be the work of a superpower or extraterrestrial crews. In actual fact, this technique is difficult to employ. It requires considerable preparation because air is very transparent and diffuses light only very poorly. Therefore it is necessary to have large equipment covering the optical field used or at least to project an appropriate screen on it, for example, a film of water. The first method corresponds to theoretical holographic images, while the second is simpler and is frequently used for spectacular effects, but it obviously leaves traces behind... We can also envision using clouds or a curtain of rain, but this, of course, poses multiple hazards. Without necessarily being able to judge them at present, the method of holographic images and associated methods have only very limited use. 8.3.5 Unknown Natural Phenomena This hypothesis cannot be ruled out completely and must therefore be cited. However, it is difficult to support in cases where the UFO sighted behaves in an apparently intelligent manner (approach, pursuit, evasion, and escape maneuvers, etc.). 8.3.6 Extraterrestrial Hypotheses A large number of people today are convinced that UFOs are piloted by intelligent beings who have come from a very remote part of the universe and are tasked with watching us and even initiating contact with us. As appealing as they may be, these hypotheses run up against all sorts of huge difficulties. The hypothetical Martians only recently disappeared from the realm of possibility, and apart from earth, the solar system appears to be totally unable to have produced organized life and even more unable to have produced an advanced civilization. It is therefore necessary to look farther, to stars, but closest star is already one hundred million times further away than moon. The only contacts that we may try to establish from such distances at present are radio
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contacts. Astronomers have attempted contacts via message transmission and radio listening in the "SETI" and "MEGASETI" programs. Although some enthusiasts have suggested futuristic ideas to "bypass" the vast expanse, such as, for example, the use of "black holes," the crossing of interstellar distances by possible extraterrestrials has elicited much skepticism and the majority of astronomers reiterate that "to date there has been no UFO case that is sufficiently well established to imply that it came from an extraterrestrial civilization." Two professional astronomers, Jean-Claude Ribes and Guy Monnet, have, however, proposed a scenario in our future in space that includes plausible interstellar voyages. In this scenario, which is summarized in Appendix 4, they envision the establishment of large communities in verdant "islands in space," enormous artificial structures orbiting the earth, as described by the physicist O'Neill, and even inside large asteroids, where an abundance of different materials, including water and oxygen, as well as ready protection against meteorites and cosmic radiation, are found. Later on, when our descendants have mastered the production, storage and use of antimatter as energy, they will utilize it to propel some of their habitats to another solar system. They will settle in an asteroid belt, start families there, and then visit the planets of the receiving system aboard craft that are perceived by any possible natives the same way we perceive UFOs today. This scenario, which in essence relies only on laws of physics that are currently well accepted, gives the extraterrestrial hypothesis a certain degree of plausibility; it is possible to imagine that a civilization that came from somewhere else colonized the region of our asteroid belt and used it as a staging base to our planet. Current progress in the conquest of space and physics reinforces this idea. We should point out that some people envisage another hypothesis which is very controversial: The UFOs do belong to a civilization located in the asteroid belt but this civilization itself comes from our planet. Older than any known terrestrial civilizations and highly advanced; it supposedly disappeared from earth (nuclear war; radioactivity; pollution; etc.) but resettled in the solar system. Both hypotheses have to their credit the fact that they place the UFO problem outside Chapter 9 - Organization of Research Abroad 9.1 Organization of Research in United States The subject of UFOs is presently very popular in United States. This is evidenced by number success fiction films such Independence Day Men Black Contact which deal with this topic A survey conducted June 1997 for Time magazine showed nearly one American four believes extraterrestrial craft crashed at Roswell New Mexico at beginning July 1947 Professor psychiatry Harvard Dr Mack treats problem temporary abduction whether real or imagined fellow countrymen by UFOs very seriously In view public expectations what authorities doing They deny UFO phenomenon poses threat national security or evidence extraterrestrial origin This position has been taken almost continuously Air Force tasked study UFOs from 1948 1969 within
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framework of a project which bore the overall title Blue Book. It was confirmed in the summary and conclusions of the university commission in charge of evaluating the Blue Book [Project], the Condon Commission. The physicist Condon wrote in his conclusions that the study of UFOs had little chance of advancing science. All official studies thus came to a halt in the United States as of December 1969, and the Air Force referred those who were curious to private ufological associations. Although it was endorsed by the Academy of Sciences, the Condon report was harshly criticized by numerous scientists, particularly at the powerful AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics). The latter justly pointed out that the summary and conclusions of the report, which were drafted by Professor Condon himself, conflicted with a number of analyses within its body. The AIAA recommended moderate, but continuous scientific work on UFOs. An amendment to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) passed in 1974 permitted declassified official documents on UFOs to be obtained as of 1976. One of these, in particular, attracted attention. It was a letter from Air Force Brigadier General Bolender from October 1969 stating that the imminent conclusion of the Blue Book Project would not put an end to military reports concerning UFOs that constituted a threat to national security. These were not part of the Blue Book system and would continue, as in the past, to be handled in accordance with the directive JANAP 146 and Air Force Manual 55-11. "As regards authenticity, only negative conclusions are definitive" By François Louange, Chief Executive Officer of Fleximage Company Among the investigations conducted on the subject of UFOs, photograph analysis represents one of the more delicate areas. In fact, in public's eyes photographs constitute indisputable proof par excellence existence phenomenon which gives them very special emotional factor But photography is reality field where still finds many errors hoaxes because many natural or technical effects can give rise surprising documents it is becoming easier easier for specialist who has computer equipment produce doctored negative stands up well investigations This can sometimes even prove lucrative Moreover experience shows that most negatives stand up analysis contain only extremely poor unusable information often limited saturated bright spot black background vice versa which makes this area investigation relatively disappointing For about forty years alleged photographs UFOs sometimes renowned ufological circles occasionally been subject expert appraisals specialists interested topic physical technical fields come play quite varied ranging atmospheric propagation photography video digital image processing The analysis photographic document video broken down two steps 1 - Establishing disproving authenticity uncovering hoaxes fake maneuvers parasitic phenomena could have affected photographing equipment original data storage medium film video cassette This concept authenticity is furthermore completely relative because only negative conclusions definitive
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cases a document can stand up to analyses at any given moment. 2 - With respect to a document deemed to be authentic, extracting the maximum amount of information permitting a known phenomenon to be identified or a phenomenon that is a priori inexplicable to be characterized (size, position, speed, albedo, energy emitted, etc.). This phenomenon will then be compared with other unexplained phenomena in order to draw possible parallels. It is important to emphasize that the photographic as well as the video documents available come only from fortuitous witnesses; there are very few opportunities for significant data to be exploited by reason of simple statistical considerations: the chances of being witness to a rare phenomenon, the likelihood of having [camera] equipment in hand ready to use, the probability of being able to make the proper adjustments and calmly take professional quality photographs, etc. In any case, it seems reasonable to limit in-depth investigations to cases in which the following two conditions are met: 1 - The original document (negative, slide, video cassette, etc.) is available. 2 - There is at least one other independent source of information (visual testimony or another sensing device). Trick of the eye: lens-shaped clouds [Photo] Central bulge, broad and narrow disk, this is the definition of lenticular galaxies. It is also the definition of a type of cloud, cirrocumulus lenticularis, which forms above 7000 m altitude and up to the limits of the troposphere. Their very specific shape is due to factors such as pressure, temperature, turbulence, and very strong winds. But this shape is definitely open to every interpretation for those who wish to see it as a flying saucer... When military craft play UFOs [Photo] Left: Photographed in 1989 offshore from Los Angeles, this unpiloted surveillance unit is a
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Canadair CL-227 Sea Sentinel military drone. Right: This Sikorsky "Cypher" surveillance drone is used by the U.S. Army in urban conflict situations. JANAP (Joint Army, Navy, Air Force Publication) 146 applies to military personnel but also to some civilians (flight captains of commercial aircraft, merchant marine captains) in the United States and Canada. It stipulates that an urgent report should be filed with certain authorities, which must in turn file a report, namely with the Air Operations Command (now NORAD [North American Air Defense]) in Colorado Springs, when objects requiring very urgent defensive action and/or an investigation by the armed forces of the United States or Canada are sighted. Among these objects, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are listed along with missiles and hostile or unidentified submarines, etc. Disclosure of the contents of these reports is subject to the penalties of the laws cracking down on espionage. JANAP 146 was in effect in recent years and perhaps is still in force. This regulation may explain the frequent reticence of American military personnel, aviators in particular, to bring up the subject of UFOs. The members of American ufological associations number several thousand. These associations attempt to fill the gap left by the public authorities in the field of "UFO" studies. The FOIA brought them a resurgence of activity, showing them that contrary to their statements, the Air Force and various special departments, namely the CIA, are very much interested in the subject of UFOs and have been for some time. It permitted them to learn of certain spectacular cases, such as the overflight of missile bases in 1975, or the 1976 Tehran incident related in Chapter 2. DIA deemed this a "radar/visual" case: "A classic case that meets all the conditions required for a legitimate study of the UFO phenomenon." In recent years, three main ufological associations have been brought together by a leading U.S. personality Marie Galbraith to conduct a joint study. She is wife Evan Griffith Galbraith who was U.S. ambassador to France from 1981 to 1985 Thus she is well-acquainted with our country and our language since she lived on Avenue Gabriel Supported both morally and financially by Laurance Rockefeller brother famous David Rockefeller she traveled world meet principal scientists interested UFOs collect best cases She then oversaw drafting clear documented book entitled Unidentified Flying Objects Briefing Document best available evidence which was endorsed 1995 chairman three associations CUFOS Center for UFO Research FUFOR Fund for UFO Research MUFON Mutual UFO Network She had this work sent more than thousand prominent figures throughout world namely large number U.S congressmen Her goal get U.S government possibly other governments end secrecy surrounding UFOs For editors book this secrecy essentially military origin nation first reproduce exceptional characteristics UFOs will dominate world Secrecy justified during cold war but no longer justified now given scientific technical breakthroughs useful humanity expect obtain from study UFOs On whole Marie Galbraith's book descriptive does not interpret phenomena sighted physical modeling hypotheses regarding origin objects Such was also spirit international scientific colloquium organized September
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1997 by Laurance Rockefeller at Pocantico, near West Point, on the property of the Rockefeller Bros. Fund. Moderated by astrophysicist Peter Sturrock, this colloquium focused on physical evidence concerning UFOs. Specialists on radar, the biological effects of microwaves, photography, etc., who often were not very familiar with the UFO problem, formed a scientific council there that judged the papers presented by the UFO researchers. French participation was quite noteworthy; it consisted of the head of SEPRa and two members of the scientific council. A summary document expressed the desire that many countries have a UFO research organization comparable to that of France Colonel Corso’s theory In July 1997, for the fiftieth anniversary of the Roswell incident, an astonishing book entitled The Day After Roswell was published. It was written by Colonel Corso, who from 1953 to 1957 was the military member of the National Security Council Staff and thus was in constant contact with President Eisenhower. The foreward of this book was written by Strom Thurmond, the current chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, who, already a member of this committee, appointed Corso as congressional attaché when he left the Army in 1963. The author states that the object found at Roswell was indeed an extraterrestrial vessel. He reportedly saw for himself, in July 1947, the cadaver of one of the occupants preserved in a glass coffin. From 1961-1962, as chief of foreign technology in the Army R & D Department, he apparently was tasked with discretely allowing U.S. industry to benefit from the extremely high-tech objects found in the wreckage (according to him: printed circuits, a laser, light intensifier, etc.). Colonel Corso affirms that high-ranking military officers and some U.S. congressmen know about the existence of extraterrestrial craft in our skies. They have concealed it from the public to avoid panics but full disclosures are going to be able to be made, because United States which has been striving to do this for 50 years reported now has the means to counter a possible UFO attack Some these claims are surprising at the very least but entire contents book cannot be easily dismissed when one considers remarkable career its author and Senator Thurmond’s tribute him It is true that latter requested his foreward not appear reprints book request granted Author allegedly had not told him book about UFOs... But it is difficult believe foreward writer third line U.S. Government succeed President publisher Simon Schuster were not acting with full knowledge facts time first printing As soon book came out U.S Air Force published second report on Roswell again denying plausibility hypothesis crash extraterrestrial craft First report which published 1994 presented first official study since end Blue Book Project in 1969 see “Roswell Disinformation” Appendix [5]. This reaction is not incompatible Colonel Corso’s theories may intended reassure those whom Corso revelations might worry. **STOP**
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information on their work. Since its creation in 1964, the British Ministry of Defence (MOD) has had a UFO study unit, whose [designator] abbreviation Sec(AS)2a stands for Department 2a of the Secretariat (Air Staff) division. Its activity was recently described by Nick Pope, who was its head from 1991 to 1994, in a book written in a very lively style , Open Skies, Closed Minds. This department receives telephone calls or letters from witnesses, but more generally reports prepared from the depositions of these witnesses taken at police stations, airports or RAF bases. It conducts classic investigations if it deems them useful. They then question radar stations or weather stations, the RAF space object surveillance base at Flyingdales, other RAF bases, the Greenwich Observatory, etc. Its unique mission is to determine whether the reports are of interest for defense purposes (“area of defence significance”). Nick Pope, who is currently a MOD career employee, has broken new ground in comparison with his predecessors. He has given interviews to the press and participated in television programs. He has cooperated with the ufological associations, giving their address and phone number to witnesses who have written to him. In his letters of response he admitted that a small proportion of UFO sightings defied explanation and that the MOD was keeping its mind open regarding these. His predecessors wrote: "If we had sufficient data, all of the cases could undoubtedly be explained." In his book, Nick Pope evokes various hypotheses to explain certain unidentified cases that were the subject of credible and detailed reports. He strongly favors the extraterrestrial hypothesis and expresses the desire that his ministry take seriously the potential threat that UFOs represent in his eyes. Is there a department that is further developed than his (where he is alone) in the Ministry of Defence that would conduct secret studies on the UFO phenomenon? His statements on the subject are contradictory (pp. 129 and 181). Ralph Noyes, who was one of Nick Pope’s predecessors from 1969 to 1972 and ended his career at MOD in 1977 as Undersecretary of State for Defence, considers the existence of such a department likely. Lord Hill-Norton, Admiral of the Fleet, who was Chief of Defence Staff from 1971 to 1973 shares this opinion. This information is found in a book foreword to which was written by Lord Hill-Norton himself (Above Top Secret by Timothy Good). Admiral Hill-Norton was among some thirty lords active in a House of Lords group studying UFOs in the 1980s. If this secret study department does exist it can be presumed that it works in collaboration with United States (Above Top Secret pp.48-49). **Organization** **of** **the** **Research** **in** **Russia** The Academy of Sciences USSR has conducted studies on UFOs since 1979 at least During that time Vladimir Migouline member this academy expressed opinion La Recherche regarding sightings made Soviet Union luminous phenomena unusual objects: "The vast majority these sightings correspond real phenomena just about same those sighted other countries But there no indisputable proof some them involve technological manifestations highly developed civilization It also necessary try connect them atmospheric phenomena" he said This goal assistant Platov aimed for work published Platonics Modern Science At time Migouline Platov heads expert group abnormal phenomena Academy Sciences proposed scientific technical
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cooperation program to SEPRA, but the CNES management did not follow-up on the offer. It should be noted that in the Siberian section of the Academy of Sciences, the studies, which are less well known in the West, do not rule out the extraterrestrial hypotheses, and even favor it. During "Glasnost," information was disseminated on the studies being conducted by both the KGB and by the military. In 1991, the KGB declassified 124 pages of documents from Cases of Sightings of Abnormal Events over USSR Territory, 1982-1990, which covered a total of 17 regions. One of these cases, which we detailed in Chapter 3, concerns the extraordinary aerial maneuvers of three bright disks over an Army missile base near Astrakhan in 1989. The objects, which were sighted by seven military members, went from hovering to high speed and back again all without making any noise. When it was approached by a Soviet fighter jet, one object escaped so quickly that it seemed to leave the fighter jet standing still in its tracks. In 1994, Colonel Boris Sokolov sold ABC News a collection of investigations conducted by military personnel from 1978 to 1988. Earlier, in 1990, the newspaper Rabochaya Tribuna had published an article by Aviation General Maltsev, who commanded the territorial air defense, concerning a well-documented visual/radar case with multiple witnesses (Pereslav-Zalesski, the night of March 21, 1990) in which a silent discoid object went from hovering to a speed two or three times faster than that of a modern fighter jet. We described this case in Chapter 2. PART 3 UFOs and Defense To date, a UFO has not been the certain cause of any accident or a fortiori any hostile act, at least officially; no UFO threat has materialized in France; although intimidation maneuvers have been confirmed (Chapters 1.1., 2.1., and 2.3.). However numerous manifestations observed by reliable witnesses could be work craft extraterrestrial origin. Indeed if question terrestrial craft these could only be American and despite all precautions taken maintain secrecy this would be known The first prototype stealth aircraft flew at end year ten years later existence stealth aircraft became known about ten years later in But credible confirmed UFO sightings began in Certainly this subject still sometimes elicits amused skepticism if not certain mistrust with regard those mention seriously but absence explanations for phenomena sighted hypothesis extraterrestrial origin can no longer ruled out In third part set out study strategic scientific political religious media standpoint consequences hypothesis based present scientific knowledge. Chapter Strategic Planning The definition strategy adversary requires know
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adversary, understand his intentions, and ascertain his modes of action. In the case in question, we can only advance hypotheses formulated on the basis of the facts observed and their interpretation, while trying to answer three questions: Who are they? What are their intentions? Are they seeking to make contact or have they already done so? 10.1 What Extraterrestrials? Who Are They and What Are They Like? A relative consistency emerges from the numerous descriptions of the phenomena: saucer, luminous sphere or cylinder, hovering followed by accelerations at lightning speed, the absence of noise, easily supersonic speed with no sonic boom, associated electromagnetic effects that interfere with the operation of nearby radio or electrical apparatus. Obviously, these extraterrestrials are highly endowed intellectually and are technologically advanced over us to have been able to achieve what we do not yet know how to do. But the rest remains a mystery! Morphology, physical make-up, type of life, manner of communication and form of society, sense of values, concept of time, motivations, etc. If they are observing us, it is necessary to note an apparent contradiction between the interest that they show in us and their furtiveness. Rather than observe us, it seems that they want to show themselves to us and to gradually acclimate us to the idea of their existence. 10.2 What Intentions and What Strategy Can We Deduce from Their Behavior? Extrapolation based on a rational analysis of the objectives that the extraterrestrial civilization or civilizations could be pursuing should permit us to get an idea of the strategies that they are implementing and should consequently lead us, in response, to deduce the broad lines of what our own strategies might be. UFOs have manifested themselves in many places throughout the world in recent decades, with surprising peaks between 1952 and 1954, without our being able to deduce a well-defined course of action. What are they seeking? After the observation phase and the phase of demonstrating that they exist, it would seem logical for them to be seeking to leave their mark and impose their will on the States of the earth; but at present nothing allows us to deduce from their manifestations the existence [ILLEGIBLE] driving desire serving purposes that we are presently unable [ILLEGIBLE] discern. It is plausible that preferred contacts can be attributed [ILLEGIBLE] United States. But nothing contradicts [ILLEGIBLE] possible establishment [ILLEGIBLE] other contacts with some European countries or even with Russia China or Japan [or] others perhaps... However it seems difficult [ILLEGIBLE] imagine that they could have been able position themselves on earth with complicity certain States Moreover hypotheses contacts do not enable deduce existence status quo these visitors Actually sporadic manifestations UFOs even occurrence repeated waves sightings continued since 1947 One would have every right think these visitors fortified by superiority showing intention continue make known most diverse locations planet continue carry out plans aims means which still escape us It could be before 1947 after fears future earth future threatened risks nuclear war Their influences have been able accompanied appropriate demonstrations overflights nuclear missile bases example given Chapter 3 intimidation maneuvers against aircraft as Luxeuil Tehran Chapters
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2.3), - witnesses paralyzed, engines shutting off, lights going out (San Carlos de Bariloche, Chapter 2.5). The advances that have been made in the conquest of space and in the development of nuclear technology could be troubling them. Wouldn't it be logical to think that these extraterrestrial civilizations have established stations, even colonies, in the asteroid belt and why not relay stations on the moon? Our forays and projects studied in the United States for modifying the orbits of asteroids using H bombs in order to bring them closer to the earth's orbit for mining purposes could be disturbing them. For the moment, they do not appear to be meddling in our affairs, but it is advisable to ask ourselves what they are actually seeking. Do they want to invade earth? To preserve it from nuclear self-destruction? To learn about and preserve the patrimony that our civilizations have created over the span of centuries? In view of these uncertainties concerning their intentions, we can't tell what the future holds and, in particular, we cannot consider that they will continue not to intervene. Some of their undertakings in regard to us might, therefore, not be innocent in the long term. Perhaps they don't have any need for our sensibilities or the politics of States? 10.3 Repercussions of UFO Manifestations on tthe Official and Unofficial Conduct of States The repercussions have been varied in scope. Based on what can be learned of the reactions of States, it is permissible under our hypothesis to classify them as: a) States that have no knowledge of extraterrestrial phenomena or believe they are not concerned. b) States that know of extraterrestrial phenomena but have no means to investigate them, c) States that know of extraterrestrial phenomena and have the means to investigate them, d) States that have entered into contact with one or more extraterrestrial civilizations and that have established relations and/or entered into political, scientific, and technical collaboration. 10.4 Have Contacts Possibly Been Made with One or More States? Individuals claim to have been contacted for the purpose of studies or with a view to establishing relations between one intelligent life form and another. Can we imagine direct and continuous contacts at the highest level of one or more States, particularly the United States? It is true that the position of that country has been among strangest since [ILLEGIBLE] wave [of sightings] in June 1947 followed by Roswell affair July 1947 (cf Appendix 5). If Americans were able on occasion or other occasions collect at least debris or entire wreckage extraterrestrial vessels fairly good condition even cadavers humanoids certain type contact would then have been established. First statements reactions often considered more probative than subsequent affirmations Thus immediately following what would later become Roswell affair General Twining was tasked preparing secret report flying disks existence which was not revealed until 22 years later Condon report It emerges from this these objects truly do exist But since then United States has followed policy increasing secrecy classification above top secret certain UFO
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files, according to General Barry Goldwater) and constant disinformation. The strange conclusions of the Condon report are just one case in point. Why would, and how could, such an important secret be kept all the way up to the present, despite everything? The simplest response would be that the United States wants to maintain at any cost military technological superiority over rival countries and, perhaps, a preferential contact. This policy of secrecy and disinformation could have been dictated by an understandable concern for not creating panic reactions or irrational crazes among the public, or the concern at the time for protecting the country against actions by the USSR, or else, in a more prosaic and political fashion, not appearing in the eyes of voters to be incapable of providing convincing explanations regarding these phenomena. No doubt it would not do to undermine the prestige of the armed forces, which was incapable of interdicting these violations of air space, and invite attacks against the military budgets on the part of political opponents. Anything is conceivable, even the fear of seeing various government agencies accused of having lied at one time or another. Whatever the case, it is symptomatic and illustrative to note that since 1953, the United States has equipped itself with an impressive repressive arsenal, which is still in force, it seems. In particular, they enacted two military regulations AFR (Air Force Regulation) 200-2 and JANAP (Joint Army Navy Air Force Publication) 146; first prohibiting public disclosure information relating to sightings unidentifiable objects; second making unauthorized disclosure UFO sighting witness an infraction punishable by 10 years in prison $1000 fine. The JANAP regulation applies military personnel but also commercial airline pilots captains merchant marine. **10.5 What Measures Must We Take From Now On?** Whether or not UFOs are extraterrestrial origin UFO phenomenon is already with us at any rate requires critical vigilance our part. In particular phenomenon involves risks destabilizing manipulations from media psychological cultural religious standpoint panic fear world wars psychoses created sects lobbies etc These appreciable risks cosmic fear as well as discovery no doubt conquest cosmos that henceforth justify political scientific intellectual elite certain degree cosmic vigilance calculated prevent any shocking surprise erroneous interpretation malicious unhealthy manipulation Without doubt measures must be contemplated national international levels Specifically whatever givens with respect American political problems face posture ongoing secrecy how can conceive harmonious political military relations among allies particularly within NATO normally must founded basic trust if access information incalculable importance particularly technological information is not shared **10.5.1 National Structures** If France wants affirm its presence this domain seems urgent expand SEPPRA which must
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- increase its human and material resources so as to be able to collect information relating to all UFO manifestations, both in Europe and throughout the world, - expand its investigation and analysis capabilities, - boost its representation and foreign relations status. It would likewise be advisable to create a unit at the highest State level to collaborate with SEPRA that would be tasked with: - formulating all prospective hypotheses, - promoting scientific and technical research and, as such, would have a small minimum budget, - proposing elements of military strategy, - participating in the establishment of regional cooperation agreements with interested European and foreign countries. It should be noted that many countries already have small bodies for the collection of UFO sightings within their armed forces or intelligence services. 10.5.2 European Structures It would be desirable then for the European States and the European Union Commission to conduct every type of research and to initiate diplomatic approaches with the United States, exerting useful pressure, to clarify this crucial issue, which must fall within the scope of political and strategic alliances. Would it perhaps be opportune for France to propose to the Commission that it create within it - so as to no longer be blind, dumb, and paralyzed - a special expanded coordinating body provided with the necessary human and material resources? 10.6 What Situations Must We Prepare For? What strategies could we map out in the following situations: - appearance of UFO and extraterrestrial desire to establish an official and peaceful contact, - chance or intentional discovery of a microbase or base at some location in France or in Europe: position to adopt toward a friendly or non-friendly power, - invasion (hardly likely given the fact that an invasion could have been carried out before the discovery of the atom) and targeted or massive attacks on strategic or nonstrategic locations, - deliberate manipulation or disinformation with a view to destabilizing other States. In the case of the first situation cited, we are not precluded from suggesting that the States that are equipped with sophisticated research and analysis tools will perhaps have more chances than others of being chosen as preferred contacts, but at what risks and advantages? Chapter 11 - Aeronautical Implications 11.1 Why Aeronautical Implications? It is not intellectually possible to remain indifferent in light of an unexplained
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aeronautical phenomenon which numerous civilian and military pilots have come face to face with. Of the several hundred confirmed aeronautical cases, there are primarily five types of implications: - simple sighting of a phenomenon by the crew, passengers, or ground personnel, - detection of a track on a radar screen, which occurs in one out of five aeronautical cases, sometimes culminating in the recording of a track, as was the case on January 28, 1994, at the Cinq-Mars-la-Pile Control and Detection Center (CDC) (cf. Chapter 1), - interferences with ground (San Carlos de Bariloche) or onboard (Tehran) electrical or electronic equipment, - shadowing of aircraft (San Carlos de Bariloche, RB-47, etc.), - apparently aggressive conduct (Colonel Giraud in his Mirage IV, student pilot at Tours, the Tehran incident, etc.). The number of testimonies and the quality of the witnesses are such that one cannot dodge the phenomenon and aeronautic personnel, and more especially defense personnel must be sensitized and prepared to deal with the situation. In fact, how can one try to ignore a phenomenon that is manifested by the regular crossing of our air space by moving objects the behavior of which suggests that they are piloted by an intelligent [being]? Can one claim because this appears to exceed our technical knowledge that it does not fall within our purview? If we do nothing, the very principle of defense and air intelligence would be called into question. The first sightings made by aviators date back to the beginning of the 40s. Since then, the number of unexplained sightings (after an expert's appraisal: UAP Ds) reported by pilots or [air traffic] controllers has risen to over 500. As a reminder in France this figure is three or four since 1951. It is the responsibility of Air Force to take into account these phenomena which until proven otherwise occur primarily in air space. 11.2 Who is Involved? 11.2.1 Flight Crew The flight crew is naturally involved particularly pilots because whether they are civilian or military they are in more advantageous position for making sightings and would be first affected in event incident risk collision particularly This is especially true for combat pilot because he trained constantly monitor sky and he now has more advanced weapons systems capable detecting faster faster smaller smaller targets greater distances The pilot weapons system pair now more than ever excellent sighting instrument would be our first means intervention if chance this were prove necessary The concerns commercial airline pilot different because fact does not same equipment priority obviously safety passengers Although remains primary partner quest information would totally powerless face aggressive stance UFO 11.2.2 [Air Traffic] Controllers The radar [air traffic] controller is course involved but depending whether civilian military control equipment at his disposal offer different options In both cases since radio contact with pilot it he who first receive sighting report from crew
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He must be prepared to note and supplement the sightings transmitted with the clear-headedness that the distance of his position gives him. In regard to radar detection, only the military controller has adequate equipment to detect a flying object that does not follow general air traffic rules. In fact, military air defense radars permit a visual display of the primary detection, as well as a synthetic display used by civilian [air traffic] controllers, to appear on the military controller's radar scope (see Appendix 1). In addition, they are the only ones who are able to obtain an image of craft moving at the supposed speeds of UFOs. Finally, the means to record and reconstruct radar situations on site at the Control and Detection Centers (CDC) enable supplemental investigations to be conducted, if necessary. 11.2.3 Meteorologists Unusual phenomena are often explained by meteorological phenomena. Questions can easily be explained if the specialized departments are informed of the importance of their observations. All military and civilian personnel specializing in meteorology must therefore be able to meet this expectation. 11.2.4 CNES Engineers CNES engineers are the French space specialists. They cannot remain indifferent to UFO phenomena. Knowledge of our universe, observation of the sky, and surveillance of anything that is deployed into the sky naturally makes them just the right people to head up the study of extraterrestrial phenomena. We have described their work above. 11.2.5 Engineers in the Aeronautics Sector Engineers in the aeronautic sector are naturally involved. Their work is presented in the next chapter on scientific and technical implications. 11.3 How Do We Involve Aeronautics [Personnel]? In order for aeronautics personnel, along with their resources, to be involved, we need to know how to interest them and, in order to do this, how to inform them of the phenomenon; specify what is expected of them; and define what their reflex responses should be and what course of action they should take. 11.3.1 Informing Personnel Informing amounts first and foremost; getting someone; accept possibility; of presence extraterrestrial craft in our sky. It is necessary overcome fear; ridicule admit that failing certainty; there strong presumptions based list examples selected from testimonies world. Moreover it necessary reach all generations. Informational conferences can easily scheduled at aeronautics schools for young generations (Ecole de l'Air Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile [National Civil Aviation School] (ENAC Sup'Aéro etc.) for not-so-young continuing education courses obviously at Collège Interarmées de Défense [Interarmy Defense College] (CID) IHEDN SEPRA already holding conferences ENAC within framework civilian [air traffic]
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controller training. This practice just needs to be extended to all flight crew training schools, regardless of the specialty being taught. For the generations already on the job, these conferences can easily be offered at the Control and Detection Centers and flight units for military personnel, and, at least for civilian [air traffic] controllers, at the Regional Air Navigation Centers (CRNA). As for commercial flight crews, the airline companies - Air France, in particular - have set up a systematic information sheet for crews that is periodically updated. This information must furthermore be updated on a regular basis in the knowledge that the intended objective is to permit a future witness, whether he plays an active role or is merely an observer, to be fully aware of what course of action to take in the face of the phenomenon sighted. If we want personnel to get involved, it is necessary that they know how to react in real time and what to communicate and to whom, how to take the measures corresponding to the present situation, etc. For this reason, it is advisable to define with them what their reflex responses should be and what course of action they should take. 11.3.2 Reflex Responses Indeed, it is necessary to instill in personnel who may face the phenomenon what their reflex responses should be, in the knowledge that they may merely be simple observers or, in some cases, have to take concrete measures (for example, at San Carlos de Bariloche, the surprise of the landing strip lights going out in the middle of the UFO incident). It is quite certain that it would be better to be prepared in order to be fully aware of what course of action to take in face of such an unforeseen and poorly understood event. These reflex responses differ in type depending on whether it is a matter of sighting recording a testimony transmitting information collected or reacting in real time ad hoc measures response phenomenon. 11.3.3 Course Action Take The course action seems us summarized as follows: observe note maximum amount details take photographs if possible report allowing visitors initiative possibly making contact avoid premature publicity media. 11.3.3 Objective Observation In face unknown situation one must guard against any instinctive self defense reaction could easily interpreted provocation one must just observe avoid any initiative aimed seeking contact. 11.3.3 Reporting Once phenomenon has been sighted advisable report order alert other crews hand authorities through air [traffic] control chain command civilian cases air defense chain command military cases. 11.3.3 Remaining Discrete Vis-a-Vis Public As witness phenomenon type must know adopt certain level
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of discretion vis-à-vis the press. It is essential to allow scientists [time] to make use of the information before letting the media trigger the curiosity of the general public, which could result in the disappearance of important evidence. Chapter 12 - Scientific and Technical Implications The significance of the UFO phenomenon to defense in the broad sense leads to several proposals. 12.1 Stepping Up the Collection and Analysis of Data It is, of course, advisable to continue and, if possible, expand geographically the collection, initial analysis, and classification of data and testimonies performed successively by GEPAN and then by SEPRA, which was described in Chapters 5 and 6. 12.2 Establishing a Watch and Initiate Work Upstream From the studies presented in Chapter 8, it can be concluded that at least a passive, and preferably an active, techno-watch is required in the fields of leading-edge propulsion such as, for example, magnetohydrodynamics. It is truly essential to know what the other nations are doing in this area. In other high-tech fields, the study of various testimonies could be combined with appropriate scientific experiments to enable significant progress. A typical example is that of particle beams or microwaves, together with their effects: tools, weapons, etc. All of these subjects are, on the whole, more advanced than the technical problems presently under study by DGA or the public research institutions. Therefore they will not be dealt with unless a decision is made at the highest State level. 12.3 Encouraging Thought in Order to Place the Phenomena in a Global Context The work mentioned above will enable progress in partial models of phenomena sighted along with considerable spill-over for defense and industry. But global interpretation of these well-documented but inexplicable phenomena will require other research. The principal areas of research relate to extraterrestrial hypothesis; we will mention for reference current research on detection of extrasolar planets which will take new direction when VLT (Very Large Telescope) ESO (European Southern Observatory) Chile enables them be observed directly Each discovery planet presently made indirectly via disturbances that planet causes its star has met favorable response media. Less spectacular albeit fascinating cultured public research origin life being conducted internationally at very satisfying rate forms basis exobiology science extraterrestrial life see Appendix Studies evolution mechanisms currently handicapped school disputes They important subject How might life evolve elsewhere Underdeveloped but also important studies genesis future civilizations latter normally extended long-term forward-looking scenarios planet course others Interstellar travel visualized Appendix 4 entitled Colonization Space must object at least passive monitoring subject currently being dealt United States numerous NASA Pentagon study contracts concern
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propulsion using antimatter in solar or interstellar space. It was also in the United States where the astronomer Papagiannis won a NASA study contract a few years ago to detect possible space cities in the asteroid belt located between the planets Mars and Jupiter. In carrying out the study, he examined the photos taken in 1983 by the IRAS [Infrared Astronomical Satellite] satellite and looked for possible abnormal infrared emissions coming from objects in this belt. It would seem that NASA did not renew Papagiannis' contract, which apparently did not yield any results. 12.4 Special Studies Some studies do not come under the "hard" sciences and technologies: for interstellar voyages, the stability of the earmarked societies requires study. What, in particular, is their minimum size? The different attempts at disinformation made by certain foreign governments should be analyzed discretely, but in depth. The wish of these governments to appropriate for themselves alone any possible futuristic technologies relating to military aircraft and weapons might help explain these attempts (see Appendices 5 and 7). It would be advisable to already be anticipating the measures to be taken and the decisions to be made should events such as indubitable physical or radio contacts with an outside civilization take place. Chapter 13 - Political and Religious Implications An assessment of the impact that the formal confirmation of the existence of UFOs and extraterrestrial civilizations would have on the political and religious situation of the countries on earth could be a bit of a challenge. However, the task is less arduous when we try to put ourselves in the shoes of extraterrestrials who supposedly have chosen earth as a field of observation and/or intervention. We will use this method. It is appropriate, of course, to postulate that the technical and human difficulties have been resolved, permitting us to exceed the limits of our solar system, and even our galaxy: - Either in secular voyages aboard "ship-worlds," in which thousands of volunteers who have embarked would see their generations reproduce. It is necessary to keep in mind that these craft will not be able to one day return to earth, at least that is what we are assuming, which would confer - de facto - a political autonomy and freedom of decision to onboard government independent of orders and programs established prior to departing earth (cf. Appendix 4: "Colonization of Space"). - Or, in [voyages] several months or years - based on totally revolutionary scientific concepts and techniques that remain to be imagined - using aircraft or probes piloted by classic crews or by bionic androids, which would follow instructions received from a parent station or from earth. During the course of these explorations, we might discover one or more celestial bodies populated with beings that have evolved more or less similarly to us, "humans," humanoid or even stranger creatures. They may have created civilizations that are comparable to or more advanced than our present civilization; they may be endowed with only rudimentary aptitudes for civilization unless they still remain only at elementary survival stage. (Nota Bene: In this chapter, numbers in parentheses refer to references pp. 87 to 89)
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13.1 Phase One: Observation From a Distance (Remote Sensing and Observation ?) It seems reasonable to think that our earthling explorers have received a mission to peacefully observe these worlds and/or conquer, purely and simply, these new territories in order to establish a line of descendants there (cf. 13.4 below). The state of advancement of the local populations will likely dictate the manner of obtaining, as well as the nature and duration, of these observations, and the initial observations will, of course, be for analyzing: - the living organisms, the manners in which they think and live, their languages, their religions and beliefs, their arts, sciences, techniques and weapons, their political institutions, their social organizations, and their histories in general, - the environments in which these populations live,[and] animals plants minerals etc. This first phase which excludes any physical or material contact would be that of scientific in vivo laboratory observation: electronic surveillance remote sensing recording decrypting of languages analyses evaluations etc. It is important to emphasize that this period could last one year ten years a century [or] a thousand years why not? Actually what better scientific experiment lato sensu than that of having more or less civilized stagnant or evolving populations either at peace or at war organized in a hundred different manners no doubt having languages that are foreign to one another each one assuming in its own way the organization of ts terrestrial and celestial cities In a word we would be in the situation of observing ourselves! 13.2 Phase Two: In situ Sampling and Furtive Appearances The interpretation of the data collected can only be complete when a second phase has been implemented during which sampling and analyses of mineral plant animal elements perhaps even elements from evolved beings are performed Consequently question is raised as to types contacts that would be appropriate to establish and the political psychological religious implications for local populations might result from these contacts furtive covert contacts visible overt contacts continuous intermittent contacts If furtive covert mode operation is initially selected it nevertheless could not at least based on present state technology go completely unnoticed by indigenous populations It is permissible to consider that psychological religious impacts may vary according different types political organizations levels moral scientific development encountered on same world. 13.2.1 Impacts on Preindustrial-Age Civilizations Individuals or masses from preindustrial-age civilizations might note passage landing ships remote controlled craft They might collectively view them equally natural divine extraordinary supernatural aberrant diabolical phenomena frescoes Yugoslavian monastery Detchani spheres Nuremberg Basel 1561 1566 cf Appendix 6 Furthermore collective memories peoples imagination general could be more sharply marked by such manifestations if accompanied particular sighting astronauts
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whether dressed in their coveralls or their space suits or not, or robots, androids, or any artifacts that we may deem appropriate to disembark or represent. Such appearances, if the local authorities note and publicly certify their reality, would undoubtedly have a creative impact capable of modifying the indigenous political and religious conceptions for some time. 13.2.1.1 Impacts on Local Religions Since terrestrial and celestial orders are closely interlinked in people’s minds, the appearances of spaceships or remote-controlled craft, and, moreover, the appearances of astronauts or bionic robots, would be capable of creating a lasting impression in minds, reorienting religions, inspiring new ones. or originating founding myths. The flying machines that Ezekiel described at length (1), the air war of the Ramayana, the Epic of Gilgamesh (2), the Elohim of Genesis (3), and the Watchmen of the Sky, mixing with the daughters of men and begetting giants, whom Enoch also speaks of (4), and more generally, the Immortals, the Sons or the Kings of the Sky of Orient and China (5), Japan; [REDACTED] Land of Gods” (6); [REDACTED] Viracochas South America; Incas; [REDACTED] great gods Ancient Egypt; Gods Titans Giants Children Gods Heros western oriental Antiquity (7) etc., come to mind. Both supernatural extraordinary phenomena were part natural order things past Would religions founded existence God creative order be shattered by such apparitions? Nothing is less certain Once shock terror curiosity have passed new appreciation cosmic order could replace old religious conceptions without necessarily destroying divine principle itself To say least these religious conceptions could reoriented even sublimated God does not travel around spaceship Besides great religions earth do not condemn idea existence other inhabited worlds universe Must recall certain collective memories experience aberrations despite tangible proof subsequently furnished catechumen cult cargo plane New Hebrides 8? Bonaparte’s military scientific expedition Egypt left no trace local annals which recorded only interruption pilgrimage Mecca 9 Closer home many people did not believe men walked moon believing publicity stunt disinformation It would appropriate however avoid overestimating this impact insofar as all ancient civilizations conceived pantheons gods which associated terrifying manifestations sea wind volcanoes earthquakes lightning It is therefore difficult say whether they were avatars extraterrestrial influences more simply product invention mythologies explaining world 13.2.1.2 Political Impacts With respect to political impacts these should much ephemeral at least appearance In fact once moments astonishment have passed political organization States does seem affected lasting manner contingencies quickly regain upper hand However that monarch chief state could proclaim himself exclusive privileged interpreter extraordinary manifestations Would he not tempted consecrate himself god king king god
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in the eyes of his subjects? Once again without being able to distinguish what is the product of the natural and spontaneous search for the legitimacy of power from what could actually only be the result of an opportunity seized by inveigling, we are forced to note that history abounds in god-kings or king-gods (pharaohs; Assyrian kings; Hellenic epiphanic kings; Roman, Chinese, or Japanese emperors; sons of the Sun of Central or South America, etc.). 13.2.2 Impacts on Industrial-Age Civilizations Industrial-age civilizations are more skeptical than they formerly were and have more difficulty envisioning what is not a product of the immediately explainable or the simply measurable. However, it is certain that the furnishing of irrefutable proof of the existence of extraterrestrials would leave a profound mark on populations such as ours today. This issue is at the heart of our report. 13.3 Phase Three: Influences on Local Civilizations The third phase would be that of the influences that we would consider appropriate to exert on the environment and the civilizations encountered with a view to causing them to evolve in our fashion. It goes without saying that the advantages and risks would have to be studied carefully. 13.3.1 Influences on Preindustrial-Age Civilizations We might consider it necessary, in certain cases, to influence the environment in a specific manner and the evolution of local civilizations in a subtle way. It might seem necessary to us, upon completion of our observations and our analyses, to modify, bit by bit, the natural environment and the ecosystem by, for example, seeding or introducing select plants and organisms that are lacking. Likewise, the course of indigenous civilizations could be gradually modified by influencing either from a distance or directly qualities or defects select individuals accentuating their intellectual and moral tendencies and their scientific knowledge or by causing genetic mutations by different processes yet invented. In this case it would be matter playing role these populations have willingly reserved for gods who providing sacred texts reorient example sense morals religiosity perhaps laws political institutions use elements likely terrify impress appropriate some cases And with all due reverence nothing prevent thinking different episodes Old Testament conditions under which laws Manu instituted 10 even Koran given influences relate back certain number enigmas history including perhaps concomitant appearance great civilizations Indus Mesopotamia Egypt cities architecture writing calendar astronomy etc They also call mind extraordinary map Antarctic which was drawn almost free ice Frenchman Oronce Fine 1531 nearly three centuries prior discovery continent 1820 11 13.3.2 Influences on Industrial-Age Civilizations
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The nature of these influences will vary according to the type of civilization, its technological development, and its psychological acclimatization or lack thereof to the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations. It would be advisable beforehand to accustom the mind of these populations to the idea of the probable existence of extraterrestrial civilizations (science-fiction novels, films, cartoon strips, video games, advertisements, a favorable psychological climate, [and] why not suitable sects?, etc.). New and essential technological knowledge could be provided via different avenues or by means of chance or provoked accidents with one of our spacecraft. The contemporary Roswell case thus comes to mind. In order for this case to be retained in full (or disposed of), it would still be necessary for the U.S. government to accept to show, communicate and let analyze, without beating around he bush, all of the elements that it actually recovered on that occasion. 13.4 Phase Four: Direct Contacts A fourth phase would be that of establishing direct contact with the locals or with entire populations, whether or not a vanguard of bionic robots were used. Once again, the goals sought must be precisely determined. The benefit and true utility of establishing such contacts must be weighed with care in order to calculate the risks and consequences. A stringent program could plan for these. However, a serious technical accident affecting one of our spacecraft could be the start of an unofficial contact, a necessary settlement, or a colonization; or even if necessary an information-disinformation campaign. It is also advisable to envision the sedition of some of our crews whom it might be necessary to disembark or who might decide on their own authority to live on one of the worlds discovered and eventually mix with the indigenous populations going against orders received whatever happens not to intervene or interfere in local affairs These contacts presuppose that the worlds discovered are populated with human beings or hominids whose complexion is identical or close to ours But under hypothesis contacts planned long-term settlements members crews should mixes prohibited as prophylaxis imposing major ban them 12) on contrary should they tolerated even encouraged? Bearing in mind that direct prolonged contacts would inevitably lead indigenous populations believe in fine that we are not so different from them It would prudent however send remote-controlled androids advance in order assess reactions such intrusion would arouse send remote-controlled androids in advance order assess reactions such intrusion would arouse send remote-controlled androids in advance order assess reactions such intrusion would arouse send remote-controlled androids in advance order assess reactions such intrusion would arouse send remote-controlled androids in advance order assess reactions such intrusion would arouse send remote-controlled androids in advance order assess reactions such intrusion would arouse send remote-controlled androids in advance order assess reactions such intrusion would arouse send remote-controlled androids in advance order assess reactions such intrusion would arouse send remote-controlled androids in advance order assess reactions such intrusion would arous 13.4.1 Direct Contacts with Preindustrial-Age Civilizations It is certain that such contacts immediately cause local populations imagine presence gods Historical parallels naturally come mind arrival Spaniards Central America armor horseback more generally arrival Europeans at time discovery exploration globe impact populations had never seen horses armor shone brightly sun white men particularly blond red hair must have been felt strongly However shock apparitions quickly lessened multiplication relations even more so if our crews were take eminent place local political military orders This course relates back different epics discovery world European colonization end western empires
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13.4.2 Direct Contacts with Industrial-Age Civilizations The day would come when we believed that these civilizations, gradually brought to our level through our efforts, are able to participate in our world. With the ground prepared in advance, contacts could, for example, be established discretely with selected individuals or at the highest level of the States, or of some of them, and, if possible, be kept secret. Although leaks should not be ruled out, the leaders selected would then have to conduct information, disinformation, and counterinformation campaigns to maintain the privileged nature of these relations and who knows to benefit from our side from novel scientific technical and political information giving them an edge over their rivals. The selection of States rulers key figures or mere individuals would of course be of paramount importance. Before or after the implementation of an influencing program why not imagine having bionic robots that look like humans or resemble the living beings there appear in order not to risk the lives of members of our expeditions? Finally why not purely and simply present ourselves openly and publicly? It is easy to imagine the huge sensation that this would cause in all psychological political military strategic and religious spheres to say nothing of the media as well as the multiple meetings and international colloquiums uninterrupted sessions of organizations such as the UN calls for world unity international consultations the creation of welcoming committees etc that it would prompt The rivalry of the States would be interesting to observe. It goes without saying that our intentions must be perceived as peaceful If this were not our policy there would obviously no need to take special precautions to show consideration for the sentiments of local populations In all these scenarios we should encounter idolaters sycophants Herodians who out a millenialist conviction gullibility pragmatism or interest would welcome us with enthusiasm as saviors capable solving all their problems bringing them peace prosperity preferably without having exert much effort These would be our first allies Zealots skeptics and those who have withdrawn into venerable secular conceptions their world which has been turned upside down cast doubt on deny existence If they were admit it they consider us so many invaders whose intentions would be perceived more suspect since they peaceful There is but one logical step take between that imagining creation defense movements resistance movements against invader The strength these movements depend part on skill squashing convincing them hope attaching them us But how then do we avoid pitfall good intentions good sentiments everyone knows road hell paved (13) Should admit how long we have been observing them Would they reproach us for not having intervened prevent world war Would blame us for it more generally hold course civilizations Very severe lasting psychological disturbances should envisioned in cases Would they disappointed learn are immortal Later economic technological exchanges financial ties should established with these populations Would wise policy involve ourselves local affairs And one manner another could escape requests become arbitrators political disagreements peace war economic crises Whatever case one day another we would charge unsolved problems Would they go reproach contributions very
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advanced civilization, or at least for what we thought would be of benefit to them? Changes of opinion and attitude toward us could occur over time. Wouldn't groups of people be one day tempted to consider themselves our equals, because we did not remain inaccessible? Protest movements would consequently arise and revolutionary cycles would no doubt be set in motion, as a result of which we, as well as our Herodian allies, would suffer. Our global policy would then be compromised and we would have to consider making our contacts less frequent and, possibly, withdrawing onto our ships and retreating. We would then have the time necessary to review our policies, based on techniques still unknown from our catechumens. The discovery of new worlds could enable us to enter into contact with civilizations just as developed as our own and even far more advanced. Nothing allows us to rule out the possibility that, why not , we would encounter explorers from other more distant worlds. Under these hypothetical conditions, it is permissible to imagine that we might have been discovered in space first. It would be our turn then to experience - at least in part - the psychological effects and the political and religious implications that we have described. What would be the policy of local governments toward us? Would they welcome us peacefully or would they prudently keep us at a distance? Should we fear seeing nuclear space weapons or other weapons aimed at ourselves against, for example, the bases that we had attempted to establish or had succeeded in establishing in an asteroid belt close to one of their worlds? What would be the results of such encounters? What relations could we establish and what influences would we exert on these different types of civilizations? Anything is conceivable. Having come full circle, we thus return to our concerns and our current questions. Chapter 14 - Media Implications As was stressed earlier, it may seem extravagant that sensible people, scientists moreover, are interested in unexplained - and for the time being still inexplicable - phenomena at the risk of appearing ridiculous. But, as this report tries to demonstrate, there are enough questions regarding tangible evidence to justify the scientific interest generated by these issues. What separates our approach from the media's approach is the researcher's curiosity with respect to the research to be conducted in order to solve the enigmas posed to his sagacity even if science has not reached an adequate state to answer them fully, as opposed to the curiosity of the press regarding a subject with regular sudden new developments that are likely to produce marvelous scoops which generally are not characterized by scientific precision. It is not a question of criticizing the press; its aid is often most valuable. But these fleeting events are supported in part by human testimonies which are all the more flimsy since they come from people who are affected by their encounter with "the unknown" and since they elude the usual benchmarks. The press has a tendency sometimes either ridicule facts reported or make itself look ridiculous because of excess information extrapolated from elements described by witnesses. 14.1 What Can a Government Fear From Curiosity Of The Media? - Panic: The media broadcast terrifying information liable sown panic among
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population. The famous example of Orson Welles's fictional program taken literally by radio listeners in 1938, wreaking tremendous havoc in one region of the United States, may have influenced the reaction of U.S. military personnel vis-à-vis the Roswell incident in 1947. The disinformation campaign was skillfully conducted, since it has muzzled the media for 30 years. Panic, which is accompanied by considerable human chaos (suicides, people fleeing on the roads, riots, and vandalism, etc.) would cause any government for which peace alone is a wealth and stability factor for its power to shrink back. - Mistrust: the fear of seeing accurate information divulged and repeated with obvious irony is also a deterrent to openly mentioning UFO questions. This posture is at the core of the disinformation and confusion in which public opinion is steeped with regard to what is true and what is false. It can only be dreaded by decision-makers. - Fear of ridicule: although ridicule has no longer killed for some time, it is nonetheless often difficult to overcome. - Manipulation: the media can be manipulated by lobbies or pressure groups for sectoral purposes (for example, push politicians to create an anti-UFO SDI [Strategic Defense Initiative]) and could thus become the unwitting spokesmen of a disinformation campaign or a destabilization attempt. 14.2 What Attitudes do the Media Adopt? - For the tabloids, anything is good if it sells. The public's curiosity is great and its demand generates enticing and often phony articles. Although they become the relayer of incredible theories, it is, on the other hand, thanks to the tabloids that the latest revelations concerning Roswell made by old witnesses have begun to become known. - For major newspapers, irony or aggressiveness are most often a manner of broaching a taboo subject that no one has a handle on. But the press can also spread news about an extraordinary phenomenon when, as in San Carlos de Bariloche, dozens of people were witnesses to it. It sometimes also makes a good presentation of UFO case. - For television and movies, subject in vogue because it can be dealt with as fiction; there nothing checks imagination producers bizarre fashion adopted Channel +", French television station] Nuit des Extraterrestres [Extraterrestrials Night] does not prompt one take this subject seriously However tribute should be paid several serious well-documented broadcasts like that Arte March 1996. 14.3 What Should Be Done? The future our planet lies space Whether overpopulation spirit adventure search other raw materials liking conquest colonization other more less altruistic motivations everything pushing toward humankind's expansion Will we one day be extraterrestrials for other planets When our probes orbit around more distant worlds film them what might hypothetical inhabitants think them We must prepare ourselves prospect media help educate masses A strengthened SEPRA could usefully dedicate efforts training journalists could create documentary site Internet
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Conclusions and Recommendations The UFO problem cannot be eliminated by mere caustic and offhand witticisms. Since the publication of the first report by the Association des Auditeurs of IHEDN 20 years ago, CNES has conducted serious studies in close collaboration with the Gendarmerie Nationale and the Air Force primarily, as well as with other State agencies (Civil Aviation, Weather Service, etc.). These studies tally with other research conducted more or less discreetly abroad, mainly in the United States. They demonstrate the almost certain physical reality of completely unknown flying objects with remarkable flight performances and noiselessness, apparently operated by intelligent [beings]. With their maneuvers, these flying objects considerably impress civilian and military pilots, who hesitate to speak [about them]. The fear of appearing ridiculous, alienated, or simply gullible is the principal reason for this reserve. Secret craft definitely of earthly origin (drones, stealth aircraft, etc.) can only explain a minority of cases. If we step back and take an objective look over the years, we clearly perceive the limits of this explanation. Thus we are forced to resort to other hypotheses. Some can neither be confirmed nor invalidated. They are therefore not scientific, and certainly it is very difficult to scientifically study rare, elusive, and random phenomena when science is based above all on experiments and their reproducibility. However, the example of meteorites shows that this type of phenomenon can nevertheless end up being accepted by the scientific community after centuries of doubt and rejection. A single hypothesis sufficiently takes into account the facts and for the most part only calls for present-day science. It is the hypothesis of extraterrestrial visitors. Advanced as of 1947 by certain U.S. military personnel today it is popular worldwide. It is discredited by a certain elite but is plausible. Scientists (astronomers physicists engineers futurologists etc.) have elaborated on it enough for it to be receivable - as a hypothesis - by their peers Different plausible variants concerning the voyage of one or more civilizations from a remote solar system to ours have been developed A model magnetohydrodynamic technology which could be employed to propel UFOs in atmosphere has reached a significant stage development Other manifestations these objects have begun receive physical explanation automobile breakdowns truncated beams light etc. The purposes these possible visitors remain unknown but they must be subject indispensable speculations development prospective scenarios The extraterrestrial hypothesis isby far best scientific hypothesis It certainly has not been categorically proven but strong presumptions exist in its favor if it correct loaded significant consequences Based prudent solid assessment we can make several recommendations: 1) Inform political military administrative decision makers as well aircraft helicopter pilots A gradual information campaign could target: - ENA National Public Management College IHEDN - Ministry Defense schools Air Navale Saint Cyr Gendarmerie officers NCO gendarmes Santé des Armées Military Health College Polytechnique Polytechnical College ENSTA National College Advanced Technologies ENSAE National College Aeronautics Space CID CHEAR Center Advanced Armaments Studies CHEM Center
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Advanced Military Studies], etc., - civilian schools and their alumni: Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Police [National Police College], Ecole des Officiers de Police [Police Officers Academy], journalism schools, Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile. At the latter school, numerous conferences have allowed air [traffic] controllers to be taught the proper reactions in the event an aircraft encounters a UFO, - agencies that support or conduct research for military purposes: DGA, ONERA, CEA/DAM [Directorate of Military Applications], etc., - special civilian and military departments, as well as the Direction de la Communication de la Défense [Defense Communications Directorate], DICOD former central SIRPA [Armed Forces Information and Public Relations Department]), calling their attention to disinformation processes. 2) Boost SEPRA's human and material resources so that it can: - develop its investigation and analysis possibilities, - collect information relating to all UFO manifestations, both in Europe and throughout the world, - maintain and develop databases on different aspects of these manifestations, - reinforce its representation and foreign relations status. 3) Make the detection of UFOs an objective for civilian and military space surveillance systems, which it is necessary to develop for other reasons (prevention of collisions between satellites and space debris, etc.). 4) Create a unit at the highest State level to collaborate with SEPRA, that would be tasked with: - formulating all prospective hypotheses, - promoting scientific and technical efforts and, as such, have an annual budget of a few million francs, - participating in the establishment of sectorial cooperation agreements with other countries. 5) Initiate diplomatic demarches to the United States, with the support of other States and even the European Union, to urge the superpower to collaborate and, if necessary, exert useful pressure to clarify this crucial issue that necessarily comes within the framework of political and strategic alliances. 6) As speculative as these possibilities are, reflect at the level of public authorities and with the aid of the unit mentioned in item 4), on the measures to take in the event of a spectacular and indisputable manifestation of a UFO: - overt attempt to make contact, - landing before numerous witnesses, - other substantial actions. These reflections would be carried out methodically while maintaining obviously a minimum distance. Appendices Appendix 1 - Radar Detection in France Radar detection in France is carried out by two radar station networks; The military network equipped with both primary and secondary radars; The civilian network equipped almost entirely with secondary radars. Primary radar permits one to detect on a screen (or scope) geographic position
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dimensional radar) of all moving objects via the reflection of radar waves off of the body of the moving object. Conversely, secondary radar permits the detection and display on the screen only of moving objects equipped with a "transponder" that is able to respond to the coded signals that it emits. Thus any moving object not equipped with a "transponder" will not be detected by secondary radar. This detail is extremely important in the case in question, because only the primary radars installed at military Control and Detection Centers (CDC) and radar detection aircraft, the Air Force AWACS and soon the Navy Hawkeyes, may detect a UFO, provided that the latter is not a "stealth" craft. Finally, it is necessary to know that all radar information detected by the totality of radar stations in the territory, airborne warning aircraft, and the radar stations of neighboring countries are being collected and processed in the STRIDA (Système de Traitement des Informations de Défense Aérienne [Air Defense Information Processing Center]) network, thus permitting detection coverage over a square more than 4500 km per side. Appendix 2 - Astronomers' Sightings by Jean-Claude Ribes [REDACTED] astronomical object. But we can expect them to be extremely reticent to relate such a sighting out of fear of ridicule, because amateurs are generally desirous of "professional" recognition. At any rate, no specific investigation has been conducted, to my knowledge, in this particular population. The results of two independent studies conducted by professional astronomers with their colleagues are quite different: in the 50s, Hynek informally questioned some forty astronomers, a little more than 10% of whom had actually sighted unexplained phenomena. Among the latter, Josef Allen Hynek cites Professor Lincoln La Paz, Director of the Institute of Meteoritics at the University of New Mexico, and Clyde Tombaugh, the discoverer of the planet Pluto, who died in 1997. In the 70s , Peter A. Sturrock sent a detailed questionnaire to 2611 members of the American Astronomical Association, guaranteeing them anonymity. Half responded, and sixty sightings were encountered. No systematic study of this type has been conducted in France but a sighting by Marseilles astronomers Georges Courtès and Maurice Viton is frequently cited. One of my colleagues also related to me a sighting that he had made in his youth an object with an apparent diameter moon (which moreover was visible), moving slowly from north south He was not yet professional at time but rather well-informed amateur he does not see any explanation for his sighting which he has never mentioned publicly. Thus it appears that percentage sightings by astronomers comparable overall population although there definite reticence among vast
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majority to mention them without being assured of anonymity. In addition, the general opinion of astronomers on the subject is much less negative than one says sometimes, and the least that you could say is that there is no consensus, with many wanting an objective study of the phenomenon without any preconceived ideas. The private conversations that I have had with French colleagues confirm Sturrock's conclusion: many would refuse to broach the question with a journalist, but when I speak with them about a serious scientific study, they state that they are in agreement. Appendix 3 - Life in the Universe The question of extraterrestrial life left the domain of belief barely a few decades ago and entered the domain of scientific research, and the advances in this domain have been very rapid for several years. Beyond earth, the solar system proves to be currently unsuited to life, but the "Viking" probes have shown that some three-and-a-half billion years ago, the planet Mars must have offered much more favorable conditions than at present, namely with the existence of liquid water. Thus it is not ruled out that an elementary life form (bacteria) could have existed there, as was then the case on earth. The study of fossils is, besides, one of the reasons for future Martian expeditions, automated first, then with humans aboard. The discovery of fossils in a meteorite originally from Mars, as announced by NASA, is still the subject of a debate in the scientific community. But the very existence of this debate increases the interest in going to take a look on site. Outside the solar system, astronomers have long thought that very generally stars should be surrounded by planetary systems but it has only been in very recent years that experience has confirmed this theory: we now know of a half dozen stars each accompanied by at least one planet. Biologists for their part are making rapid advances in understanding chemical mechanisms that give rise to life and this appears more and more to be necessity rather than coincidence. Twenty years' experience has shown from Siberia to ocean depths that life adapts itself to sharp variations in temperature or extreme temperatures where it was previously considered impossible. For 35 years radioastronomers have carried out different programs searching for an intelligent radio signal coming from space (SETI: Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence). No signals have been detected yet which is not surprising given immensity spatial and frequency domain to be explored. A major NASA program which was canceled by U.S Congress was revived using private funds and should improve sensitivity search by several orders magnitude. The French radiotelescope at Nançay where several SETI studies have already taken place will perhaps be included this program. Appendix 4 - Colonization of Space The second half 20th century will have been half century exploration solar system man moon probes placed Mars Venus others immediate vicinity other planets except Pluto comets asteroids 21st century might be century colonization our system permanent human settlements preparation voyages other planetary systems. The coming years will see positioning permanent orbital station Alpha international follow-up Russian Mir program Next Americans plan
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principle, to establish a permanent base on the moon, a minimal station like the Antarctic base. Beyond that, it would be necessary to recreate an ecosystem where the essential raw material needs (including air, water, and food) could be extracted on site or recycled. Actually, we cannot consider applying the current method on a large scale, where almost everything must be brought from earth via costly launches. Ecosystems of this type were studied by the Russians first (the first experiment was in 1961) and by the Americans, namely with Biosphere 2, a greenhouse 1.3 ha in surface area, planned to maintain in closed circuit (with an outside power supply) a set of plants and animals, including the presence of eight people. This experiment, which was carried out initially using private funds, was unjustly criticized by the press and a portion of the scientific community. In fact, despite certain "amateur" sides, it has already contributed a great deal: during an initial two-year experiment from 1991 to 1993, four men and four women lived almost entirely self-sufficiently, demonstrating the validity of the principle. The recycling of water was total; while the recycling of air was imperfect (it was necessary to add oxygen after fifteen months of total isolation), and the production of food slightly inadequate (the inhabitants of the biosphere left thinner having started in on reserves). After another six-month experiment; structure was taken over by University Columbia, which seems interested especially in ecological aspect; to detriment space application. However; it is descendant Biosphere who could represent future autonomous moon base middle next century. A human settlement on moon is first all scientific necessity namely for astronomers. It is also springboard into space. Almost all materials necessary for construction stations; and spaceships can be found on moon; exploitation these resources will be much more economical than earth because reduced gravity absence atmosphere our satellite enable easy sure launch into orbit. Human expeditions will necessarily follow automated missions Mars if no other reason than verify past existence traces life. As for development permanent Martian colonies this can envisioned but one can also imagine skipping this step creating artificial planets idea conceived American physicist O'Neill who studied detail cylindrical structures 30 km length by 6 km diameter rotation create artificial gravity able shelter millions people earth-type biosphere. These artificial planets could constructed asteroid belt between orbits Mars Jupiter where find abundance materials that are easy exploit which will able provide numerous chemical bodies including oxygen water. In longer term when industrial-scale manufacture storage use antimatter mastered smaller models same craft will able leave solar system They will able reach vicinity another star after voyage several centuries during which generations succeed one another these ship-worlds unless we have mastered human hibernation then. These migrations probably will not take place until after reconnaissance missions conducted automatic probes have been completed The preferred destinations would obviously be systems where planet supposedly shelters evolved life. Imagine that human expedition settles asteroid belt system where civilization exists quite probably at lower stage technical development than ours if reverse true contact likely made via telecommunications or else most advanced civilizations made voyage before us for ethical reasons but also interest serious scientific study it could not afford intervene openly at risk inducing fatal culture shock The study should
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therefore be discrete, using high-speed and silent craft to move through the planet's atmosphere (MHD propulsion offers interesting prospects in this respect), and non lethal weapons to avoid the consequences of an untimely encounter (the paralyzing effect of pulsed microwaves is under study in several countries). When the civilization visited has reached the stage of space voyages, it will become necessary to make it aware of the existence of visitors. One way to do this, without causing trauma, would be to commit "calculated indiscretions" that would accustom the population, little by little, to the idea that there could indeed be extraplanetary visits. Appendix 5 - The Roswell Affair - Disinformation 1) Roswell: indisputable facts Note: the parenthetical annotation (video) indicates that video testimonies are available Summer 1947 - The Roswell (New Mexico) base houses the only nuclear-armed bombers in the world. The bombers still have propellers. June 24 - Sighting of nine UFOs by American Kenneth Arnold. The news is broadcast throughout the world. July 8 (morning), Roswell - The base provides the local radio stations with information that would circle the globe: a flying disk had crashed on a ranch and the military personnel from the base recovered the debris (video). July 8 (afternoon), Fort Worth (Texas) - General Ramey, Commander of the 8th Air Force, who commands the base, announces to journalists that after examination of the debris, [it was determined that] they were from a weather balloon. He shows them some of the debris, which the journalists photograph. The affair was buried for over thirty year. 1978 - Lieutenant Colonel Marcel (ER), an intelligence officer on the base in 1947 who recovered the debris, declares on television that the debris was definitely of extraterrestrial origin (video). The debris that General Ramey had shown the journalists was not [REDACTED] from Roswell. American ufologists conduct numerous investigations and collect affidavits (sworn and notarized written statements) and filmed testimonies. Many witnesses state that in July 1947, military personnel had threatened them with death if they talked (video). According to some testimonies, at some distance from [REDACTED], Army had found [REDACTED] frame of a sort of space glider and cadavers of small humanoids (video). 1991 - General du Bose [sic] (CR), who was General Ramey's chief of staff in 1947, confirms by affidavit that he latter had substituted [REDACTED] balloon, which he had shown [REDACTED], for [REDACTED]. Beginning of 1994 - U.S. Representative Schiff (New Mexico) asks Department Defense DoD for explanations regarding affair. Not obtaining any he requests General Accounting Office GAO conduct inquiry into manner Air Force primarily handled documents relating Roswell crash. September 1994 - Office Secretary Air Force publishes report on Roswell: debris found ranch cannot be from aircraft or missile They are probably debris series balloons secret Mogul project To protect secret General Ramey leads everyone believe it is weather balloon materials which essentially shell radar reflector are same Report shortens affidavits certain witnesses so strange debris they describe appears be Mogul balloon It does not mention frame attributes "bona fide testimonies" regarding humanoids foggy memory
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July 1995 - The GAO report mentions the new Air Force version, and states: - page 1, "The debate on what actually happened at Roswell continues." - page 2, "All of the base's administrative documents for the March 1945-December 1949 period were destroyed, and all radio messages sent by the base from October 1946 to February 1949 were destroyed. The destruction report does not mention when, by whom, and on whose orders this destruction was carried out." The GAO inquiry provided him with practically no documents of interest concerning the Roswell incident, despite his requests to numerous organizations (CIA, FBI, DoD, DoE, NSC, etc.). Summer and fall of 1995 - A film of the autopsy of an alleged "humanoid cadaver" in 1947 is aired by about thirty television stations around the world. Its authenticity is questionable, but above all nothing in the film proves that the cadaver has even the slightest connection with the Roswell incident. The hodgepodge is however made up in large part from written and televised press thus making the Roswell affair look ridiculous. The conclusions of the GAO and the videos of principal witnesses presented by TF1 [a French television channel] go unnoticed lost in middle of film autopsy. 1996 - The film Independence Day and [television] series X-Files make significant references to Roswell. 2) Opinions on Roswell - Very consistent interviews affidavits and video testimonies describe discovery material that no one knows how to make in our time: a thin sheet that looks like metal with very great resistance and that is so elastic that after it has been crumpled up into a ball it spontaneously returns to its initial shape without least sign residual fold. - It does seem that crash occurred July 4 Independence Day at around 2330 hours. The date and time symbolize American power whence following question arises: if crash was fact extraterrestrial vessel was truly accident or was deliberate crash constituting message authenticator? 3) Roswell disinformation The disappearances files Air Force's clumsy attempts explaining [incident] show U.S. military personnel hiding something important that occurred at Roswell July 1947 just as they concealed their experiments effects plutonium human beings Hypothesis extraterrestrial vessel supported quality testimonies cannot be dismissed. To protect secret two main types disinformation reducing amplifying used in Roswell affair One should note however dissemination contradictory analyses ufologists spill over effect reducing disinformation apparent Air Force report testimonies debris have been cut down give credence Mogul balloon hypothesis It also found more subtly book Karl Pflock former CIA DoD employee affidavits tear proof crease resistant material are given full appendix ignored cited only shortened form text In France sociologist Pierre Lagrange appears victim simplified disinformation After having endeavored put Air Force report publications Karl Pflock into perspective concluded: "[I will] close with bit psychology Why do many people not believe
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Roswell saucer like they believe in Mogul balloons or the V2s? Because it reminds them too much of popular science fiction. As Bertrand Meheust emphasizes, the topic of the Martian craft that had the exquisite courtesy to crash in the vicinity of a military base comes under the heading of the technological imagination of the beginning of the century, just like the detail regarding the ultralight and ultraresistant materials that were used in its construction." (the journal Ovniprésence, February 1995). This is, on the whole, the simplistic theory concerning UFOs stated by French "sociopsychologists." It can be refuted as follows: at the beginning of the century, popular science fiction described light rays capable of killing or healing. Nonetheless, military or medical lasers exist today. Amplifying disinformation was manifested when the film on the autopsy of the "Roswell creature" was aired. In expanding the Roswell affair with this spectacular, but questionable, autopsy, some have succeeded in discrediting it and, especially, in covering up the publication of GAO report and dissemination of video testimonies. It is tempting to believe in a well-orchestrated manipulation. 4) Reducing disinformation on UFOs The Air Force has practiced this from onset as has been revealed by astronomer Hynek who was an Air Force consultant from 1948 to 1966 and who described how he aided in trivializing numerous cases by giving them unjustified astronomical interpretations. The disinformation policy was intensified as a result of recommendations of a "scientific" committee assembled by CIA in December 1952; Robertson Committee which suggested "stripping UFO phenomenon aura mystery." The same committee recommended "monitoring" ufological movements which were infiltrated by CIA mainly. Several key figures have tried to nullify numerous important cases. Philip Klass then editor Aviation Week Space Technology took on among others three major aeronautical cases Lakenheath 1956 RB-47 1957 Tehran 1976 which are described Chapter 2 He is hardly convincing In Tehran case for example he correctly cites testimonies at beginning his account but doesn't take certain aspects into account when he discusses them. Reducing disinformation effective those who do not want accept possibility extraterrestrial hypothesis Amplifying disinformation aimed at others. 5) Amplifying disinformation on UFOs This policy was probably implemented very early on; Adamski's alleged contacts with Venusian in 1952 no doubt fall into this category. It has become considerably extensive since resurgence Roswell affair end 70s Point departure Bennewicz case This ufologist physicist recorded pulsed microwaves from testing ground Kirtland New Mexico Air Force base attributed them to UFOs exerting control over abductees kidnapped humans furnished implants Fearing publication his recordings Air Force Office Special Investigation AFOSI namely special agent Doty from aforementioned air base as well perhaps other agencies induced him make fantastic revelations there were numerous kidnappings with placement implants control abductees Furthermore technology transfers supposedly carried out bases New Mexico Nevada jointly owned U.S Army extraterrestrials baptized EBEs Extraterrestrial Biological Entities Bennewicz disclosed this information American saucerists many thus being
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increasingly cut off from the common opinion. John Lear, son of the aircraft builder, contributed on his part details that he had obtained from friends in the Air Force: the Nevada base is Groom Lake base, in "area 51" (Groom Lake does in fact exist; it is so secret that the Air Force does not recognize its existence; nevertheless, it is mentioned in the June 1996 issue of Jane's Defence Weekly). Later, a former Navy petty officer from the 2nd Marine Division, Bill Cooper, "revealed" that the Council for Foreign Relations (CFR), which, according to him, governs the world through the Bilderberg [Group] and the Trilateral [Commission], supposedly does so in close union with the EBEs... Amplifying disinformation has probably permitted the protection of research on microwave weapons at Kirtland and on new types of aircraft at Groom Lake. It has certainly allowed the weapon of ridicule to be used against certain gullible ufologists. Appendix 6 - The Long History of the UFO Phenomenon - Elements of a Chronology The UFO phenomenon truly experienced worldwide dissemination as of pilot Kenneth Arnold's sighting on June 24, 1947, in the area of Mount Rainier in the northwest United States. In reality, air phenomena that are still unexplained today are much older. Before going further, it is interesting to note that between May and July of this same year, 850 different sightings were recorded across the United States and that in January an RAF Mosquito night fighter tried in vain to intercept a very rapid object detected by radars over the North Sea. In 1946, phantom rockets overfly Sweden From February to December 1946, many witnesses sighted generally fusiform objects (occasionally resembling spheres or disks) flying most often horizontally in Swedish skies, in some cases leaving a luminous trail but also capable of very suddenly ascending or descending. Called "ghost rockets," these apparitions (close to a thousand were detected) considerably worried Scandinavian British and U.S. military authorities who conducted investigations. Although no debris was ever found (officially), it was long thought that it could have been a case of Soviet tests conducted with craft recovered in German factories. This hypothesis has since been completely ruled out. During World War II, the "foo fighters" From 1940 to 1945 numerous aviators sighted either swarms of red or green luminous balls several dozen centimeters in diameter or groups of small metal-looking disks that followed aircraft or flew around them giving impression intelligent behavior. Most often not detected by radars at time they did not seem material nature In fact some observers saw them touch wings or tail assemblies aircraft without causing any visible damage to them. First called Kraut fireballs then foo fighters probably reference comic strip they were reported all theaters operation as start war They began appear number during first major day bombings Germany They also observed ground subject numerous reports June 1944 These sightings were cause much concern Allied authorities believed them secret German process beginning It became clearly apparent end war nothing sort
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It seems that, for their part, the German pilots had been persuaded that it was a case of a secret U.S. weapon. A board of inquiry reportedly was even created in Berlin to study the matter. The current explanation of electrical phenomena such as the Saint Elmo’s fires is not convincing because it does not take into account the diverse characteristics observed. The files relating to the “foo fighters” seem to have been subject to military secrecy at least until 1949. Many other sightings concerning much larger, cigar-shaped, disk-shaped, or sphere- shaped objects were recorded in both camps. From 1880 to 1900, “airships” over the United States and Great Britain During these years, tens of thousands of witnesses sighted flying machines resembling modern dirigibles, which were not produced by factories until twenty years later. In most cases, it was a matter of fairly voluminous, fusiform, vessels equipped with powerful searchlights, often emitting engine sounds, and, in some cases, even seeming to have propellers. In the United States, the majority of the sightings occurred between 1896 and 1897. Other cases were reported, particularly in Spain, Germany, Sweden, and Russia. A second wave [of sightings] occurred at the turn of the century in Great Britain. The explanation that comes immediately to mind is that of true dirigibles (and right away we think of craft of German origin). However, it has a hard time holding up to a thorough examination. In actuality, in 1880, the technology of these craft was still in its infancy. It is true that Colonel Giffard did conduct an initial test in 1852 with an elongated balloon equipped with a very low-power steam engine. Then in 1885 Renard traveled several kilometers for the first time overflying Paris with a dirigible equipped with an internal combustion engine but it was still extremely slow and not very easy to fly. In fact the first truly efficient aircraft were subsequent to 1910; however even zeppelins built during World War I far from possessed characteristics observed by witnesses to these phenomena. From Greco-Latin antiquity to the beginning of industrial age Human beings in all ages have sighted phenomena in sky they considered, rightly or wrongly be abnormal It is true our epoch naturally has tendency doubt accuracy ancient testimonies especially so further back into past we go. During first three quarters nineteenth century chroniclers related several dozen sightings spheres luminous wheels resembling present-day UFOs The eighteenth century was marked by one strange case Goethe recounts fact his youth 1768 during trip between Frankfort Leipzig he two other witnesses saw type large luminous tube positioned on ground surrounded multitude small very bright moving flames. In sixteenth seventeenth centuries authors mentioned numerous sightings not only Europe but also America Japan Among these few hold attention due spectacular appearance multitude witnesses In skies Nuremberg April 1561 large number brightly colored spheres disks cigars seemed wage sort battle left profound mark population caused authorities great concern Spectacle same kind took place August Basel
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From the year one thousand to the year 1500, chroniclers mentioned various sightings of luminous spheres, wheels, lances, or bars moving more-or-less rapidly in the sky. The monastery at Detchani, built in Yugoslavia between 1327 and 1335, is decorated with frescoes that represent angels enclosed in sorts of vessels flying in the sky. (Even further back in time), during the reign of Charlemagne, it is reported that Agobard, Bishop of Lyons, succeeded in saving from the stake three men and one woman who had descended from an airship, claiming to be returning to earth after having been kidnapped by celestial beings who allegedly showed them wonders. Elsewhere, luminous celestial phenomena similar to modern UFOs seem to have been relatively frequent in China and Japan, particularly in the Middle Ages. Several other Latins, Dion Cassius, Pliny the Elder, Titus Livy, Julius Obsequens, and even Cicero relate the appearance of lights in the sky, glowing shields, multiple moons and suns,[and] golden flying spheres. As for the testimonies reported by the Greek chroniclers these are fewer in number. Daimachos recounts that a globe of fire crossed the sky several times during the 78th Olympiad. Anaxagoras asserts that he saw celestial lights the size of a large beam. Appearances of beams and shields of fire are described several times by Homer among others. Appendix 7 - Reflections on Various Psychological Sociological and Political Aspects of the UFO Phenomenon Note: these reflections apply primarily to United States; many of them however can be transposed to other countries A large number of Americans are convinced of physical reality UFOs extraterrestrial origin fact U.S government systematically covering up truth lies disinformation Most recent American works published subject end conclusion almost all demand partial lifting alleged secrecy media frenzy surrounding Roswell affair cf Appendix 5 which experienced resurgence end 70s after more than thirty year blackout has not ceased go new development new development for years typical illustration this line thought By admitting extraterrestrial hypothesis good one secret say some would kept out fear panic reactions assure would not fail occur demonstrated unfortunate experience radio program War Worlds broadcast Orson Welles United States years prior Roswell This explanation should not necessarily rejected however does seem bit narrow fact roots matter probably go deeper sociopsychological motivations seem complex 7.1 The UFO Paradox While majority Americans seem support idea existence intelligent extraterrestrial beings very strong resistance remains scientific circles among leaders most media idea entities whatever they may have been able visit planet travel solar system The idea ridiculed by much media At same time spirit most
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politicians and the vast majority of members of the intelligentsia state that humanity has better things to do than to chase such rainbows. 7.2 Why this Resistance? 7.2.1 On the Part of Scientists (from Scientists) Given an official attitude of contempt, and in view of the fear of being likened to the activists from "saucerist" sects and the "lunatic fringe," the vast majority of scientists, even though they may be interested, quite obviously hesitate to tackle such a heretical problem and naturally do not wish to call their reputation, career, and the funding of their research into question (cf. Appendix 2, "Astronomers' Sightings"). This being the case, there appear, upon analysis, to be other, deeper reasons. A general school of thought has existed for close to two centuries that tends to dismiss the idea that terrestrial phenomena could be influenced from the outside. At the start, this was a positive, rational, and creative reaction to ancient beliefs. Compared with ancient times, modern science has, in fact, advanced by eliminating the gods. It would seem counterproductive and incongruous to bring them back in other forms. The idea prevails in almost all minds that man is master of the earth and, by extension, of the immediate cosmic vicinity; that he is the best nature can produce in this small corner of the galaxy; and that he alone remains the controller of his destiny. Various American philosophers have termed this concept "anthropocentric humanism." To admit that intelligent [beings], which are not only outside [our planet] but are also superior due to their scientific and technological knowledge could have interfered or might continue to interfere in our affairs; in our domain; or in proximity to it is considered by many to be frightening and unacceptable because admitting it would cause collapse of framework comfortable thoughts anthropocentric humanism. Moreover; in some disciplines such as physics; risk run is find oneself confronted with a science more advanced by several centuries milleniums or even more. Our own concepts could literally appear infantile which would completely demobilize researchers who employ them. It is clear that under hypothesis existence UFOs extraterrestrial origin is proven there risk not only position intellectual authorities but quite simply social position scientific elite would be considerably compromised This happened each time groups nations found themselves contact with more developed human civilization notable exception Japan Meiji period advisable look into One can understand advancing knowledge UFO phenomenon at risk succeeding would not necessarily thrilling prospect for number scientists thus might not really want lend hand effort 7.2.2 On Part Politicians 7.2.2.1 With few rare exceptions (President Jimmy Carter Senator Barry M Goldwater) majority politicians have almost always displayed very skeptical most often ironic attitude regarding question However some have had more positive attitude The best known allusions possible existence extraterrestrials
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dangers that they might represent come from General MacArthur and President Ronald Reagan. While he had already touched on the problem in 1955, in a conversation with the mayor of Naples, Achille Lauro, General MacArthur said in an address at West Point Military Academy in 1962: "You now face a new world, a world of change. The thrust into outer space... marks a beginning of another epoch in the long story of mankind... We deal now, not with things of this world alone, but with the illimitable distances and as yet unfathomed mysteries of the universe... of ultimate conflict between a united human race and the sinister force of some other planetary galaxy." [French translation of the quote from General MacArthur's address] General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev, for his part, revealed during a private discussion at the 1985 summit conference that President Reagan had told him that if earth had to confront an invasion by extraterrestrials, the United States and the Soviet Union would join forces to repel that invasion. In addition, at the end of a speech before the 42nd General Assembly of the United Nations on September 21, 1987, President Reagan affirmed: "In our obsession with the antagonisms of the moment, we often forget how much unites all members of humanity. Perhaps we need some outside universal threat to make us recognize this common bond. I occasionally think how quickly our differences worldwide would vanish if we were facing an alien threat from outside this world." [French translation of the quote from President Reagan's speech] 7.2.2.2 However, for political leaders just as for scientists to be officially interested in UFOs and extraterrestrials is firstly to risk ridicule before commentators and media who regularly use omission destructive irony and even lies. 7.2.2.3 But other elements should be taken into consideration Although a significant number U.S citizens seem to accept existence UFOs extraterrestrial origin some political leaders might hesitate call resources research subject because they might fear incurred expenses most hazardous subjects 7.2.2.3.1 Under these circumstances if advance hypothesis political leaders highest level United States possess unambiguous information attesting existence their situation particularly uncomfortable armed forces have officially reiterated fifty years phenomenon does not threaten security country which does not mean phenomenon does exist However there have been disturbing sightings such visits above secret installations missile bases intense electromagnetic effects military aircraft shadowed (as RB-47 case) or object mock interceptions In reality faced impossibility countering this type threat authorities may thus far tempted affirm it does not exist In absence direct threat even though never truly attack past potential threat itself can appear overwhelming eyes authorities especially military "They" come from stars "their" craft watch us seem taunt us "they" have perhaps been on earth thousands years don't know "their" intentions "Their" science technology thus "their" power incomparably superior
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ours. Without being completely disarmed, and even taking into account the enormous resources that we have on the earth and our obvious ability to learn quickly, we can only feel anxious in the face of "their" presence. Bringing this out into the open by calling for the manpower and funds to conduct the necessary research is hard to visualize officially for the only superpower in the world. 7.2.2.3.2 This is all the more true since, under the additional hypothesis that the U.S. armed forces actually already possess formal proof of this threat, for example, in the form of extraterrestrial ships that have crashed on the ground, intensive research on foreign technologies should have already commenced a long time ago under the cover of the highest level of secrecy. As will be seen in 7.3.3, it would then be completely out of the question to divulge this type of information. Indeed, revealing a situation as novel as it is upsetting too quickly would perhaps be running the risk of social upheavals, accompanied by panic, a demobilization of energies, a multiplication of millenialist sects, and a massive move of people to take refuge in religious fundamentalisms. The loss of trust in the leaders in power could even lead rapidly to their ousting. Given such a problem, their normal reactions would obviously be to gain as much time as possible by continuing their denials, all while continuing work in secret and fervently hoping that their successors will take on responsibility when reality becomes manifest. 7.3 U.S. Leaders and the Politics of Secrecy 7.3.1 The U.S. Army and UFOs The U.S. Army has been directly confronted with phenomenon since World War II. It seems to have been only army to have officially broached problem with considerable resources. 7.3.2 The Spill-Over Effect of Study UFOs The U.S. Army has designed aircraft that exhibit characteristics described by most reliable witnesses. The spill-overs are potentially considerable areas propulsion materials structures stealth technology weapons. 7.3 Finally Why Secrecy? We are currently not aware extent knowledge U.S military personnel have gleaned from all studies they have conducted subject either based on sightings or as sometimes been written based materials allegedly been recovered. Whatever case it is clear Pentagon has had probably still has greatest interest concealing best can all research which may over time lead United States hold position great supremacy terrestrial adversaries while giving considerable response capacity against possible threat coming from space.
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Within this context, it is impossible for them to divulge the sources of this research and the goals pursued, because that could immediately point any possible rivals down the most beneficial avenues. Cover-ups and disinformation (both active as well as passive) would still remain, under this hypothesis, an absolute necessity. Thus it would appear natural that in the minds of U.S. military leaders, secrecy must be maintained as long as possible. Only increasing pressure from public opinion, possibly supported by the results of independent researchers, by more or less calculated disclosures, or by a sudden rise in UFO manifestations, might perhaps induce U.S. leaders and persons of authority to change their stance. It does not seem that we have arrived at that point yet. Glossary AFB Air Force Base EMAA [French] Air Force Chief of Staff AFOSI Air Force Office of Special Investigation ENAC [French] National Civil Aviation School AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ESO European Southern Observatory Airmiss Name of the investigation procedure covering the risks of air collisions ETCA [French] Central Technical Armaments Institution ALAT [French] Army Air Corps FOIA Freedom of Information Act Blue Book Name of the U.S. Air Force study of UFOs FUFOR Fund for UFO Research CCD Charge-coupled device cameras GAO General Accounting Office CCOA [French] Air Operations Center GEPA [French] Aerospace Phenomena Study Group CDC [French] Control and Detection Center GEPAN [French] Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena Study Group CEA [French] Atomic Energy Commission IHEDN [French] Institute for Advanced National Defense Studies CEAT Toulouse Aeronautic Test Center INRA [French] National Institute for Agronomic Research CFR Council for Foreign Relations JANAP Joint Army Navy Air Force Publication CHEAR [French] Center for Advanced Armament Studies MEGASETI see SETI, which MEGASETI is an expansion of CHEM [French] Center for Advanced Military Studies MHD MagnetoHydroDynamics CIA Central Intelligence Agency MOD British Ministry of Defence CID French Interarmy Defense College MUFON Mutual UFO Network CIRVIS Communications Instructions for Reporting Vital Intelligence Sightings NASA National Aeronautic and Space Administration
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CNES [French] National Center for Space Studies NORAD North American Air Defense CNRS [French] National Center for Scientific Research (National Space Agency) NSC National Security Council CODA [French] Air Defense Operations Center ONERA [French] National Aerospace Study and Research Office CONDON Physicist at the University of Colorado who signed the UFO report ordered by the U.S. Air Force RAF [British] Royal Air Force CRNA [French] Regional Air Navigation Center SEPRA [French] Atmospheric Reentry Phenomena Assessment Department CUFOS Center for UFO Research [sic] SET Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence DGA [French] General Delegation for Armaments SIRPA [French] Armed Forces Information and Public Relations Department DGAC [French] Civil Aviation Directorate SPOC [French] Sky Observation Probe System DIA Defense Intelligence Agency STRIDA [French] Air Defense Information Processing Center DICOD [French] Defense Communications Directorate UAP Unidentified Aerospace Phenomenon Since 1947, the subject has disturbed, fascinated, called out. Oh how debated, the question has been studied with extreme meticulousness and from many points of view (scientific, technical, aeronautical, strategic, political, religious, media) by a French committee composed of former auditors of the very serious-minded Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale [French Institute for Advanced National Defense Studies] and qualified experts from every background. COMETA Committee for In-Depth Studies]. For the first time, men some of whom occupy very high positions have agreed to write a report devoted entirely to the UFO problem in the belief that based on the knowledge that has been acquired to date sufficient questions of national interest are raised for the Chief of State and the Prime Minister to be provided with this information. In this report COMETA studies several unexplained French and foreign UFO cases. Very well documented these sightings are often supported by traces on the ground or tracks confirmed by radar. Are these secret terrestrial craft? In some cases perhaps. Are we in the presence of craft of nonterrestrial origin? This hypothesis cannot be ruled out. If it were to prove correct it would be loaded with consequences for Defense.
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Bibliographie Parmi les nombreux livres et articles sur notre sujet, de valeur notoirement inégale, nous avons jugé particulièrement intéressant de citer les suivants : CHAPITRE 2 Le cas radar/visuel de Lakenheath (GB) - Edward U. Condon et Daniel S. Gilmor (Rapport Condon) - Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects - Bantam Books, New York, janvier 1969. - James E. Mac Donald (UFOs au-dessus de Lakenheath en 1956) - Revue du Gepa (Groupement d'étude de phénomènes aériens), mars 1974. (Traduction d'un article de la Flying Saucer Review, mars-avril 1970). - Gordon D. Thayler ("UFO encounter II – Sample case selected by the UFO subcommittee of the AIAA : The Lakenheath England radar/visual UFO Case, August 13-14, 1956") – Astronautics and Aeronautics, septembre 1971. - Philip J. Klass ("UFOs over England (Bentwaters and Lakenheath)") – UFOs explained – Random House, New York, décembre 1974 ; Vintage Books, New York, septembre 1976. - J. Allen Hynek Nouveau rapport sur les ovnis – Belfond, J'ai lu, 1979 – p. 154 sq. (Traduction de The Hynek UFO report – Dell Publishing Co Inc., New York, 1979). L'avion RB-47 aux Etats-Unis - Rapport Condon, op. cit. - James E. Mac Donald ("UFO encounter I – Sample case selected by the UFO subcommittee of the AIAA : Air Force observations of an Unidentified Object in the South-Central U.S., July 17, 1957") – Astronautics and Aeronautics, juillet 1971. - Philip J. Klass ("The famous RB-47 case") – UFOs explained – op. cit. - Brad Sparks RB-47 electronic intelligence case calibrated scientific proof of UFOs - confidential copyrighted material, 1997. Téhéran • Philip J. Klass ("UFOs over Iran") - UFOs: The public deceived - Prometheus Books, New York, 1977. • Lawrence Fawcett et Barry J. Greenwood Clear Intent: the government coverup of the UFO experience - Prentice Hall Inc., N.J., 1984 - p. 8I sq. Russie • "UFOs on Air Defence radars" - Rabochaya Tribuna , [ILLEGIBLE] avril [ILLEGIBLE]. (Traduction anglaise par le U.S Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), cité par Don Berliner Marie Galbraith et Antonio Hunneus dans Unidentified Flying Objects Briefing Document publication privée , décembre [ILLEGIBLE]). • Compte rendu plus détaillé de l'article de Rabochaya Tribuna par Boris Chourinov dans Ovnis en Russie Guy Tredaniel , [ILLEGIBLE] p .230 sq. CHAPITRE3 Un cas de témoins multiples dans une base de missiles russe • Dossier ovni du KGB publié en [ILLEGIBLE] revue Aura Z n° [ILLEGIBLE], Moscou mars [ILLEGIBLE]. (Cité dans Unidentified Flying Objects Briefing Document op.cit.; et;de façon plus complète; dans Ovnis en Russie op.cit.-p.[ILLEGIBLE] sq.). CHAPITRE6 Gepan notes d'information et notes techniques : • Notes d'information : N°[ILLEGIBLE], "Observations de phénomènes atmosphériques anormaux en URSS Analyses statistiques" N°[ILLEGIBLE], "Les études de phénomènes aérospatiaux non identifiés aux USA", I" partie N°[ILLEGIBLE], "Les études de phénomènes aérospatiaux non identifiés aux USA",2" partie N°[ILLEGIBLE], "Les études de phénomènes aérospatiaux non identifiés aux USA",3" partie • Notes techniques : N°[ILLEGIBLE],"Analyse du problème pré-traitement des données" N°[ILLEGIBLE],"Etude comparative des résultats statistiques élémentaires relatifs aux observations phénomènes aérospatiaux non
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CHAPITRE 7 Propulsion MHD • Jean-Pierre Petit Le mur du silence – Belin, 1983, • "Recherches pour un avion du futur" – Techniques avancées (plaquette de l'École nationale supérieure des techniques avancées), 1988. • Jean-Claude Ribes et Guy Monnet La vie extraterrestre – Larousse (coll. Essentiels), 1990 (épuisé). • J.-C. Bourret et J.-J. Vélasco (Historique des recherches sur la propulsion MHD des navires et des aéronefs) – Ovnis, la science avance – op. cit. – p. 171 sq. • Mike Ross "Rider on the shock wave" – New Scientist, 17 février 1996. Propulsion par antigravité • Nick Cook "Turning science fiction into fact" – Jane's Defence Weekly, 10 juin 1996. Propulsion dans l'espace • Eugene Mallowe et Gregory Matloff Starflight Handbook – John Wiley & sons, 1989. • Robert L. Forward et Joel Davis Mirror Matter – John Wiley & sons, 1988. • W. B. Scott (Edwards Air Force Base) "USAF Predicts Antimatter Propellants could be in use by early 21st century" – Aviation Week and Space Technology, 21 mars 1988. Pannes de voiture • James Mc Campbell "Self starting engines" – MUFON proceedings, 1983. (Article résumé dans Ovnis, la science avance – op. cit. - p. 181 sq.) Paralysie de témoins • Keith Florig "The future battlefield, a blast of gigawatts" – IEE spectrum, mars 1988. • J.-C. Bourret et J.-J. Vélasco Ovnis, la science avance - op. cit. - p. 185 sq. CHAPITRE 8 - Rapport Condon - op cit. - Lawrence Fawcett et Barry Greenwood Clear Intent - op cit. - Don Berliner, Marie Galbraith, Antonio Hunneus Unidentified Flying Objects Briefing Document - publication privée, décembre 1995. - Col. Philip J Corso (ret) The day after Roswell - Pocket Books, 1997. - Headquarters United States Air Force The Roswell report case closed - 1997. - Nick Pope Open Skies Closed Minds - Pocket Books, 1997. - Timothy Good Above top secret Harper Collins Londres , [ILLEGIBLE] . (Publié initialement chez Sidgwick and Jackson Ltd., [ILLEGIBLE].) - V Migouline "Les phénomènes aérospatiaux non identifiés à l'étude en URSS" La Recherche juillet [ILLEGIBLE]. CHAPITRE [REDACTED] ( La Bible livre d'Ezéchiel I4-4[ILLEGIBLE] ) ( Abed Azrié L'épopée de Gilgamesh Ed Ber International Paris ) [STAMP:] ( La Bible livre de la Genèse VI I4[ILLEGIBLE] ) (Cf également livre de la Genèse XIV5 Nombres XIII3233 Deutéronome II[ILLEGIBLE]) (La Bible Ecrits intertestamentaires Gallimard Pléiade Paris) [STAMP:] (Livre secrets d'Hénoch VI I2 Il arriva que lorsque les humains se furent multipliés il leur naquit des filles fraîches jolies Les anges fils du ciel les regardèrent et les désirèrent Ils se dirent l'un à l'autre Allons nous choisir des femmes parmi les humains engendrons-nous des enfants VI6 Ils étaient en tout deux cents VIII I2 ils leur enseignèrent drogues charmes botanique ils leur montrèrent herbes femmes concurent engendrèrent géants VIIII I3 Azaël apprit aux hommes fabriquer épées armes boucliers cuirasses choses enseignées par anges Il leur montra métaux manière travailler bracelets parures antimoine fard paupières toutes sortes pierres précieuses teintures Il en résulta grande impiété hommes débauchèrent ségarèrent perdirent toutes voies XIO leurs pères n'obtiendront rien qu'ils ont demandé eux-mêmes pour eux
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(10) G. Pauthier - op. cit. "Manava-Dharma-Sastra ou Lois de Manou, comprenant les institutions religieuses et civiles des Indiens", p. 331 et s. : "Le nom de Manou rapproché (...) de ceux de Ménès et de Minos, appartient à chacun des sept personnages divins qui, suivant les idées des Indiens, ont successivement gouverné le monde." (11) "Mais qui a découvert l'Antarctique?" - La Recherche, n° 161, décembre 1984. (cf. aussi Charles Hapgood - Les cartes des anciens rois des mers - Ed. du Rocher (Monaco), 1981 - p. 85 et s. (12) La Bible : Ecrits intertestamentaires - op. cit. Livre des secrets d'Hénoch : X 2: "Ordonne-lui en Mon nom de se cacher et annonce-lui que la fin est proche : toute la terre va périr, un déluge va arriver sur toute la terre et détruire tout ce qu'elle porte." X 7: "La terre que les anges ont souillée sera assainie. Annonce la guérison de la terre : on guérira sa plaie, et tous les humains ne péiront pas à cause de tout le mystère meurtrier que les Veilleurs ont enseigné à leurs fils." XII 6: "(...) ils pleureront la perte de leurs fils, ils supplieront éternellement, mais il n'y aura pour eux ni pitié ni paix." Livre des Jubilés : V 6-11: "La punition des anges et des géants (...)" VII 20-25: "(...) lorsque les Veilleurs s'écartèrent de l'ordonnance qui les régissait pour forniquer avec les filles des hommes, se prirent des femmes parmi toutes celles qu'ils avaient choisies, provoquèrent le début de l'impuiret, engendrèrent des fils, les Nephilim qui étaient tous différents et se dévoraient les uns les autres (...)" (13) Graham Greene - Un Américain bien tranquille - Ed. Robert Laffont (Paris) 1956. ANNEXE 2 • Brad Steiger "Un rapport du projet Grudge : entretiens du Pr Hynek avec des astronomes" - Ovnis : le projet Blue Book – Belfond, 1979. p. 178 sq. • Allen J. Hynek Nouveau rapport sur les ovnis – op. cit. p. 27 sq. • Peter A. Sturrock "Report on a Survey of the Membership of the American Astronomical Society Concerning the UFO problem" – Rapport n°681 – Institute for Plasma Research, Standford University, CA., janvier 1977. ANNEXE 3 • J.-C Ribes et G Monnet La vie extraterrestre – op cit. ANNEXE4 • O'Neill Les villes de l'espace – Laffont, 1978. • André Lebeau L'espace en héritage – Odile Jacob, 1986. • Paine et al (National Commision on Space) Pioneering the Space Frontier – Bantam Books, 1986. • J.-C Ribes et G Monnet La vie extraterrestre – op cit. • Thierry Gaudin et al. 2!00 récit du prochain siècle – Payot , 1990 . • Jean-Claude Bourret et Jean-Jacques Vélasco Ovnis , la science avance– op .cit. ANNEXE5 Roswell • William Moore The Roswell incident – G.P Putman & sons , USA , 1980 . (En français : Le mystère de Roswell France Empire , 198). • Kevin D Randle UFO crash at Roswell Avon Books USA , en coll avec Donald R Schmitt The Truth about the UFO crash at Roswell Evans USA , The Roswell UFO crash update Global Comm USA Karl Pflock Roswell in perspective Fund for UFO Research Inc Washington DC Peu objectif mais intéressant par affadavits en annexe Richard L Weaver Col of USAF Report on Air Force Research regarding the Roswell Incident juillet Report to the Honorable Steven H Schiff House of Representatives Government Records Results of a Search for Records Concerning the
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UFO, Unidentified Flying Object... Since 1947, the subject has disturbed, fascinated, called out. Oh how debated, the question has been studied with extreme meticulousness and from many points of view (scientific, technical, aeronautical, strategic, political, religious, media) by a French committee composed of former auditors of the very serious-minded Institut des Hautes Etudes de Défense Nationale [French Institute for Advanced National Defense Studies] and qualified experts from every background, COMETA [Committee for In-Depth Studies]. For the first time, men, some of whom occupy very high positions, have agreed to write a report devoted entirely to the UFO problem in the belief that based on the knowledge that has been acquired to date, sufficient questions of national interest are raised for the Chief of State and the Prime Minister to be provided with this information. In this report, COMETA studies several unexplained French and foreign UFO cases. Very well documented, these sightings are often supported by traces on the ground or tracks confirmed by radar. Are these secret terrestrial craft? In some cases, perhaps. Are we in the presence of craft of nonterrestrial origin? This hypothesis cannot be ruled out. If it were to prove correct, it would be loaded with consequences for Defense.
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NEW FRONTIERS Alien Co UFO's once the preserve of the purely paranoid are now being taken seriously. Astronauts, Generals and a number of influential scientists are hammering away at the crust of international scepticism. LESLIE KEAN explains why a study by the French military may finally make governments sit up and take notice. TIME TO THINK AGAIN: Space slow to reveal its secrets. [ILLEGIBLE] UFO pictured over Costa Rica which has stirred debate. THE MECHANICS OF A MYSTERY "The number of sightings, which are completely unexplained despite the abundance and quality of data from them, is growing throughout the world," the team declared. The authors note that about 5 percent of sightings on which there is solid documentation cannot be easily attributed to earthly sources, such as secret military exercises - especially since unexplained objects have been reported since 1944. The rest "seem to be completely unknown flying machines with exceptional performances that are guided by a natural or artificial intelligence," they say. Science has developed plausible models for travel from another solar system and for technology which could be used to propel the vehicles, the report says. It assures readers that UFOs have demonstrated no hostile acts, "although intimidation maneuvers have been confirmed." Given the widespread scepticism about
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NEW FRONTIERS ncept UFOs, many will quickly dismiss the generals' ET hypothesis. But it is less easy to do so once the authors' credentials are considered. The study's originators are four-star General Bernard Norlain, former commander of the French Tactical Air Force and military counselor to the prime minister; General Denis Letty, an air force fighter pilot; and Andre Lebeau, former head of the National Center for Space Studies (the French equivalent of NASA in the United States.) They formed a 12-member "Committee for In-depth Studies," abbreviated as COMETA, which authored the report. Three-star Admiral Marc Merlo, national chief of police Denis Blancher and Jean-Jacques Velasco, head of a government agency studying UFOs, as well as scientists and weapons engineers, were also contributors. Not only does the group stand by its findings, it is urging international action. The writers recommend that France establish "sectorial cooperation agreements with interested European and foreign countries" on the matter of UFOs. They suggest that the European Union undertake diplomatic action with the United States "exerting useful pressure to clarify this crucial issue which must fall within the scope of
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NEW FRONTIERS BREAKING SILENCE: US Naval Reserve Commander Willard H. Miller worries that the military's lack of preparation for encounters with unexplained craft could provoke confrontation. Leslie General Norlain forcing the establishment to think again about those lights in the sky. Pictures courtesy of Bernard Thouanel VSD photo archives. THE DECADES OF DISTRUST In earlier decades, issues that remain pertinent today were openly discussed. In 1960, for example, US Representative Leonard G. Wolf of Iowa entered an "urgent warning" from R.E. Hillenketter, a former CIA Director and Navy vice admiral, into the Congressional Record that "certain dangers are linked with unidentified flying objects." Wolf cited Gen. L.M. Chassin, NATO coordinator of Allied Air Service, warning that "If we persist in refusing to recognize the existence of the UFOs, we will end up, one fine day by mistaking them for the guided missiles of an enemy - and the worst will be upon us." These concerns were taken seriously enough to be incorporated into the 1971 "Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Outbreak of Nuclear War" between the US and the Soviet Union. The treaty states that the two countries will "notify each other immediately in the event of detection by missile warning systems of unidentified objects...if such occurrences could create a risk of outbreak of nuclear war between the two countries." The French report may open the door for nations to be more forthcoming once again. Chile, for example, is openly addressing its own concerns about air safety and UFOs. The now retired Chief of the Chilean Air Force has formed a committee with civil aviation experts to study recent near collisions between UFOs and civilian airliners. As the international conversation about UFOs unfolds, sightings continue, as they have for decades. Perhaps the most notable recent US sighting took place in March 1997. Hundreds of people across the state of Arizona reported seeing huge triangular objects, hovering silently in the night sky - a sighting that, as state's Senator John McCain noted recently, has "never been fully explained." As recently as Jan 5, 2000 four policemen at different locations in St Claire County Illinois witnessed a huge brightly lighted triangular craft flying and hovering at 1000 feet One officer reported witnessing extreme rapid motion by craft that cannot be explained in conventional terms Nearby Scott Air Force base and FAA purport to know nothing. The French Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense and National Center for Space Studies remain several steps ahead United States military and NASA Perhaps report by bold French generals with goal stripping phenomenon UFOs irrational layer will be catalyst authorities around world publicly examine issue UFOs new light. STAMP:
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Pilot encounters with UFOs Study challenges secrecy (and denial) LESLIE KEAN SAN FRANCISCO BACK IN JANUARY, Agence France Presse reported that a Siberian airport was shut for 1½ hours while a luminescent unidentified flying object hovered above its runway. Although it's hard to imagine such an event taking place in the industrialized United States, a compelling October 2000 study by a retired aerospace scientist from NASA-Ames Research Center shows that similar incidents have occurred in America skies over the last 50 years. "Aviation Safety in America - A Previously Neglected Factor" presents more than 100 pilot and crew reports of encounters with unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) that appear to have compromised aviation safety. Author Richard F. Haines, formerly NASA's chief of the Space Human Factors Office and a Raytheon contract scientist, is chief scientist for the National Aviation Reporting Center on Anomalous Phenomena (NARCAP), a research organization founded last year. In stunning detail, pilots and crew describe a range of geometric forms and lights inconsistent with known aircraft or natural phenomena. Bizarre objects paced aircraft at relatively near distances, sometimes disabling cockpit instruments, interrupting ground communications, or distracting the crew. The data include 56 near-misses. Impulsive responses by pilots to an approaching high-speed object can be hazardous; in a few cases, such violent evasive reactions injured passengers and flight attendants. However, Haines states that there is no threat of a collision caused directly by UAP "because of the re-reported high degree of maneuverability shown by the UAP." While flying over Lake Michigan in 1981, TWA Capt. Phil Schultz saw a "large, round, silver metal object" with dark portholes equally spaced around the circumference that "descended into the atmosphere from above," according to his hand-written report. Schultz and his first officer braced themselves for a mid-air collision; the object suddenly made a high-speed turn and departed. Veteran Japan Airlines 747 Capt. Kenju Terauchi reported a spectacular prolonged encounter over Alaska in 1986. "Most unexpectedly, two space ships stopped in front of our face, shooting off lights," he said. "The inside cockpit shined brightly and I felt warm in the face." Despite the Federal Aviation Administration's determination that he and his crew were stable, competent and professional, he was grounded for speaking out. In 1997, a Swissair Boeing 747 over Long Island just missed a glowing white cylindrical object speeding toward the plane. According to an FAA Civil Aviation Security Office memorandum, pilot Philip Bobet said that if the object was any lower it may have hit the right wing. Ground-systems operators have also been affected by UAP. "The element of surprise means a decrease in safety because it diverts attention from air-traffic controllers that should be focused on landing planes." That is danger," says Jim McClenahan recently retired FAA air-traffic-control specialist and NARCAP technical adviser."Aviation Safety in America" does not attempt to explain origin of these mysterious objects but Haines writes hundreds reports some dating back to suggest they are associated with very high degree intelligence deliberate flight control advanced energy management." In the 1950s pilots crews reported seeing flying discs cigar-shaped craft with portholes gyration lights all extraordinary technical capabilities Documents show unexplained objects were considered national security concern By
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THE BOSTON SUNDAY GLOBE • MAY 21, 2000 E3 SCIENCE & SOCIETY UFO theorists gain support abroad, but repression at home Study by French officials, routine unexplained sightings, US military safety aspects combine to boost believers BY LESLIE KEAN Last month's release of the first detailed satellite images of Area 51, the top-secret US Air Force test site in Nevada, prompted a Web site meltdown as people from across the nation logged on in search of clues about unidentified flying objects. "The interest has been really phenomenal," said David Mountain, marketing director for Aerial Images Inc., which posted the high-resolution photographs of Area 51 on the Internet. But those hoping to see signs that captured UFOs are stored at the site (as some aficionados have suggested) were destined to be disappointed. Most of Area 51's operations occur underground, making photos meaningless. Anyone looking for fresh information on UFOs would have better luck trying a new, but less publicized, source: a study by the French military, just translated into an approved English edition. High-level officials – including retired generals from the French Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense, a government-financed strategic planning agency – recently took a giant step in openly challenging skepticism about UFOs. In a report based on a three-year study, they concluded that "numerous manifestations observed by reliable witnesses could be the work of craft of extraterrestrial origin" and that, in fact, the best explanation is "the extraterrestrial hypothesis." Although not categorically proven, "strong presumptions exist in its favor and if it is correct, it is loaded with significant consequences." The French group reached that conclusion after examining nearly 500 international aerautical sightings and radar/visual cases, and previously undisclosed pilots' reports. They drew on data from official sources, government authorities, and the air forces of other countries. The findings are contained in a 90-page report titled "UFOs and Defense: What Should We Prepare For?" "The number of sightings which are completely unexplained despite the abundance and quality of data from them is growing throughout the world," they team declared. The authors note that about 5 percent of sightings on which there is solid documentation cannot be easily attributed to earthly sources such as secret military exercises. This 5 percent seem "to be completely unknown flying machines with exceptional performances that are guided by natural or artificial intelligence," they say. Science has developed plausible models for travel from another solar system and for technology that could be used to propel vehicles. It assures readers that UFOs have demonstrated no hostile acts "although intimidation maneuvers have been confirmed." Given widespread skepticism about UFOs many will quickly dismiss generals' 'extraterrestrial hypothesis.' But it is less easy to do so once authors' credentials are considered. The study's originators are four-star General Bernard Norlain former commander French Tactical Air Force and military counselor to prime minister; General Denis Letty an air force fighter pilot; Andre Lebeau former head National Center Space Studies French equivalent NASA. They formed a 12-member Committee In-depth Studies abbreviated COMETA which authored report Other contributors included three-star admiral national chief police head government agency studying Images purposed UFOs taken above Costa Rican mapping aircraft in 1971 reproduced cover report French military below left Zanesville Ohio barber in 1966 bottom right high school student Beaver Pa bottom right teenage brothers Detroit 19
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National Aviation Reporting Center for Anomalous Phenomena (NARCAP) The National Aviation Reporting Center for Anomalous Phenomena (NARCAP) is a national organization, established in November of 2000, and is dedicated to the advancement of aviation safety issues as they apply to Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP). NARCAP investigates aviation related reports of aerial encounters with lights or objects that seem inconsistent with known categories of aircraft and common natural phenomena. These lights or objects are reported to appear in a variety of colors and shapes. Pilots, air traffic controllers and radar operators report that these lights or objects closely approach aircraft. Encounters with these lights or objects, UAP, have a demonstrated a variety of safety related effects on pilots, crew, cockpit discipline and on-board instrumentation. NARCAP Chief Scientist Dr. Richard F. Haines has compiled a catalogue of over 3400 aviation related UAP cases. He has conducted a comprehensive review of UAP reports by U.S. air traffic controllers and pilots from the past 50 years. A result of this effort is Richard’s paper “Aviation Safety in America- A Previously Neglected Factor”. It contains analyses of over one hundred reports of UAP involved in near misses, close pacing, disrupted avionics, and collisions. These events were reported by US military aviators, civil aviation professionals, private pilots, and by foreign aircrews operating in US airspace. NARCAP has no basis for conjecture regarding the true nature or source of these lights and objects. It is the NARCAP position that certain unidentified aerial phenomena have an effect on aviation safety that can be quantified. It is the intention of this organization to develop a body of data that will stand up to scientific scrutiny and serve as a basis for understanding this phenomenon. It is our hope that aviation professionals will recognize the importance of this work and contact NARCAP with their reports of encounters with UAP. Often, though not always, reporters are concerned about their confidentiality. We are not associated with the FAA or other government agencies, or the airlines. With regards to employers, the FAA, and the media, we have a process in place to ensure that confidentiality is protected. For more information contact: Ted Roe Executive Director (831) 338-4783 Or email [email protected] Or go to Our Website www.narcap.org To report UAP encounters call (800) 732-3666
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UFO Shuts Down Russian Airport MOSCOW, Jan 27, 2001 -- (Agence France Presse) An airport in southern Siberia was shut down for an hour and a half on Friday when an unidentified flying object (UFO) was detected hovering above its runway, the Interfax newsagency reported. The crew of an Il-76 cargo aircraft refused to take off, claiming they saw a luminescent object hovering above the runway of the Siberia's Barnaul airport, local aviation company director Ivan Komarov was quoted as saying. The crew of another cargo plane, refusing to use the runway for the same reason, landed their jet at another airport, Komarov said. The UFO took off and vanished from the airport 90 minutes later, according to the report. ((c) 2001 Agence France Presse)
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LESLIE KEAN [REDACTED] Radio Host/Producer 1998 - 2001 Associate/Senior Producer and co-host of daily, drive-time investigative news magazine "Flashpoints" on public radio KPFA in the San Francisco Bay Area. Feature stories, domestic the Boston Globe, the Baltimore Sun, the Sacramento Bee, the Minneapolis Star Tribune, The Nation, the Progressive, the San Francisco Bay Guardian, The Providence Journal, The Commercial Appeal, Burma Debate, and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Feature stories, international the International Herald Tribune, the Globe and Mail (Canada), the Vancouver Sun, the Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), the Kyoto Journal (Japan), The Nation (Thailand), Internazionale (Italy), VSD (France), the Irish Independent. Op-ed pieces the Boston Globe, the Philadelphia Inquirer, the Journal of Commerce, the Bangkok Post, the St. Louis Post Dispatch, the Providence Journal Bulletin, the San Francisco Examiner and The Nation. Syndication Knight-Ridder, Scripps-Howard, New York Times Wire Service, Pacific News Service and National Publishers Association (NNPA). Books/Anthologies/Collections Perspectives: Drugs and Society (Coursewise Publishing Inc. 2000) Stone Soup for World (Conari Press 1998) Drugs Society and Behavior 98/99 (Dushkin/McGraw-Hill 1998) Burma's Revolution of Spirit: The Struggle for Democratic Freedom and Dignity (Aperture 1994), co-authored with Alan Clements Director The Burma Project USA 1991 - present Human rights and media advocacy Radio interviews The Michael Jackson Show (KRLA Los Angeles); Hightower Radio over 100 stations; Mike Malloy Show WLS Chicago ABC station; Coast to Coast AM audience of 10 to 20 million; Dreamland with Whitley Strieber audience of one million; Democracy Now with Amy Goodman Pacifica national; The Gerry Ryan Show Channel 2 National radio Ireland) many others. Honors The Fund for Investigative Journalism grants 1996 1997 and 1998 Project Censored Honorable Mention: 1998 The Nation Institute grant: 1977 Cover story selected by The Nation as their submission for George Polk Award: